Term
| Why study children (3 pts) |
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Definition
- fastest development in any species
- childhood experiences can affect adulthood
- we need to understand to intervene children at risk |
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Term
| Maturationist Perspective |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- aka ethological and sociobiological
- Darwin
- Critical period
- Mostly nature, but experience does matter |
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Term
| Darwin - Evolutionary Perspective |
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Definition
| Certain social and behavioral traits have survived because they have been useful |
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Term
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Definition
- Methods -> observable and measurable
- Tabula rosa (nurture) we become the sum of our experiences |
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Term
| Social Learning Perspective |
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Definition
- not everything important is observable
- interested in the mind
- we are shaped by our experiences but we don't have to directly experience them ourselves
- bobo doll experiment |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective |
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Definition
- Freud/Jung
- Steps to development
- If stages are not complete, do not develop properly |
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Term
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Definition
- intense one on one relationship with one individual
- interview over and over and gether data
- use of one person to generalize population |
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Term
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Definition
- biased, you only look for things that support your theories
- one person does not represent a whole population |
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Term
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Definition
- watch people and make observations
- specific question in mind and look what happens |
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Term
| Cons of Observational research |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- survey studies
- retrospect research: ask people something about their past |
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Term
| Correlation research: retrospective research |
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Definition
| Ask people about something in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| can't talk about causation, but can talk about how things are related |
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Term
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Definition
- tightly controlled environment where only the independant variable is affected
- manipulate the IV to affect the DV
- not always generalizable (happen in the real world?) |
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Term
| Cons of corrolational research |
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Definition
- false answers by the subjects
- caveat
- bias recall of time periods or memories |
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Term
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Definition
- what can't we randomly assign?
- e.g. age cohort |
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Term
| Cross Sectional Research Design |
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Definition
| - Different groups of people at different ages tested on one occasion |
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Term
| Pros of the Cross Sectional Research Design |
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Definition
- quick & cheap
- can give us an idea on further, better controlled experiemnts |
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Term
| Cons of Cross Sectional Research Design |
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Definition
- cohort effect
- says nothing about stability - only about age differences |
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Term
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Definition
| - Group of people who grew up experiencing the same things |
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Term
| Longitudinal Research Design |
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Definition
| - Follow the same subjects over time |
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Term
| Pros of the Longitudinal Research Design |
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Definition
| - tells us about stability |
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Term
| Cons of the Longitudinal Research Design |
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Definition
- expensive, takes a long time
- cohort effect
- practice effect (they get better at it as time goes on)
- mortality/attrition |
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Term
| Sequential Research Design (aka longitudinal-sequential or cross-sequential) |
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Definition
| - two or more cross sectional studies that you follow longitudinally |
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Term
| Pros of Sequential Research Design |
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Definition
- compares the groups of different cohorts to eliminate error
- compares cohort patterns of behavior |
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Term
| Cons of Sequential Research Design |
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Definition
- comeplicated
- expensive & time consuming |
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Term
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Definition
| our genetic plan, who we are coded to be |
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Term
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Definition
| how our genes are expressed (intellectual skills, physical traits, personality, etc) |
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Term
| Which is studied in psychology: genotype or phenotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was found if the biological father of an adopted son was a criminal, and the adoptive father was not? |
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Definition
| Son more likely to be a criminal |
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Term
| What would happen if the adoptive father of a boy was a criminal, but the biological father was not a criminal? |
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Definition
| Son more likely to be a criminal |
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Term
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Definition
| Baby is subconsciously aware of their environment in the womb |
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Term
| Most developed sense in the womb |
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Definition
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Term
| Sucking reflex in the womb |
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Definition
- most important reflex to develop before the baby is born (feeding)
- show preference to left/right |
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Term
| Two lines of defence for unborn children |
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Definition
- amniotic fluid (physical)
- placenta (filter) |
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Term
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Definition
| agents that cross the placental barrier |
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Term
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Definition
- Maternal illness
- poisons
- drugs |
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Term
| Brain growth: continuous/discontinuous? |
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Definition
| Discontinuous, we develop in spurts |
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Term
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Definition
| process of creating synapses between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| dying off of the synapses that are not in use |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary physical responses to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| things that help babies survive |
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Term
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Definition
| precursors to adult behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
faning of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked
-> unknown significance |
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Term
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Definition
eyes close in response to bright lights or loud noises
-> protects the eyes |
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Term
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Definition
throws arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise or when its head falls
-> may help baby cling to mother |
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Term
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Definition
grasps an object placed in the palm of its hand
-> precursor to voluntary grasping |
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Term
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Definition
when cheek is stroked baby turns head towards stroking and opens mouth
-> helps baby find nipple |
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Term
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Definition
baby held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically
-> precursor to voluntary walking |
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Term
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Definition
baby held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically
-> precursor to voluntary walking |
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Term
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Definition
baby sucks when object is placed in mouth
-> permits feeding |
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Term
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Definition
withdraws foot when the sole is pricked with a pin
-> protects from unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
| Obesity: parental behavior (3 pts) |
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Definition
- food as reinforcer
- high calorie diet
- TV watching |
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Term
| Obesity - food as reinforcer |
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Definition
- kids begin to associate fattening foods with feeling good
- we've been conditioned to find certain foods comforting |
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Term
| Obesity - evolutionary story |
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Definition
| ancestors had to forage and hunt for food, and therefore burned a lot of energy to find food, therefore evolved a preference for fatty foods |
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Term
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Definition
- develop lean (mesomorphic) body type that is approved by society
- positive body image
- do better in school
- get into less trouble
- higher aggressiveness and hostility |
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Term
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Definition
- layer of reproductive fat but not culturally admired (endomorphic body type)
- depression
- negative body image
- eating disorders and smoking
- joining of negative peers groups |
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Term
| Kinsey's findings on early puberty |
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Definition
Kinsey found that people who developed earlier tend to be more sexual
Related to:
- sex drive
- willingness to engage in casual sex
- timing of first sexual fantasies |
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Term
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Definition
| acquisition of information through our sensory organs and the transition of that information to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| attribution of the meaning of those sensations |
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Term
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Definition
show a baby two pictures of two objects and measure how long a baby looks at each
- the one the baby looks at longest is the one the baby prefers |
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Term
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Definition
| Means you're getting used to some form of stimulus in your environment to the point that you don't notice it anymore |
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Term
| Dishabituation - definition |
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Definition
| Noticing a change in the stimulus and the stimulus becomes interesting again |
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Term
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Definition
Best developed sense
- problem hearing higher pitches
- locating using sound improves (adult acuity by 18 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| Excellent taste, biological? |
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Term
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Definition
Use both eyes to send information based of where it's placed on the eyes and combine that information to find out where the object is
- more diff = closer
- less diff = farther |
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Term
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Definition
- interposition: objects in front of/behind help perceive depth distance
- linear perspective (e.g. railroad tracks) |
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Term
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Definition
Kinetic = moving
Motion parallax: objects closer move faster than objects farther away (think of a car) |
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Term
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Definition
| kinetic -> binocular -> monocular |
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Term
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Definition
| Move object towards infants - see if babies flinch & or try to move away |
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Term
| Do babies prefer some faces to others? |
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Definition
| Yes - babies prefer attractive faces to unattractive faces |
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Term
| Walton's findings on babies maternal face preference |
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Definition
| Found that babies prefer mothers face even when a picture of someone similar looking is presented |
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Term
| What perspective did Piaget take? |
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Definition
| Maturationist perspective |
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Term
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Definition
- kids are active motivated learners
- interaction with the environment is critical to cognitive development
- Kids organize what they learn |
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Term
| How do kids organize what the use |
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Definition
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Term
| Piaget: Accomplishments during the Sensory-motor stage (2) |
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Definition
- object permanence
- intentionality |
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Term
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Definition
| Doesn't realize that when they can't see the object that it may still be there/exist. This is the knowledge that when the object is out of sight, it still exists |
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Term
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Definition
| Engagement in behavior to get something you want |
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Term
| Piaget: Preoperational stage |
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Definition
| - begin symbolic thought, pretend play |
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Term
| Piaget: challenges to the preoperational stage (2) |
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Definition
- centration
- egocentric
- conservation |
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Term
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Definition
Inability to focus on multiple aspects of a task or problem
-> class inclusion (beads) |
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Term
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Definition
| don't understand that change in appearance doesn't necessarily mean change in quantity |
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Term
| Piaget: concrete operations stage |
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Definition
- schemes are more sophisticated
- de-centering |
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Term
| Difficulties in the concrete operations stage |
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Definition
- multi-faceted problems
- abstract concepts
- double meanings
- hypothetical ideas that contradict reality |
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Term
| Piaget: formal operations stage |
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Definition
- can think/reason about abstract concepts, "contrary to fact" ideas, hypotherical's
- systematic problem solving
-> pendulum task |
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Term
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Definition
| built based on our experiences, prone to errors, and can also be biased based on what is important to us |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory memory -> short term/working memory -> long term memory |
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Term
| Age related change in information processing abilities |
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Definition
| Short term memory capacity increases with age |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking about thinking - we monitor ourselves as we think: we think about what we know, what we don't, and how we figue out things we don't know |
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Term
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Definition
- rehearsal
- chunking
- elaboration
- expertise |
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Term
| Memory Strategies: chunking |
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Definition
| - create meaningful categories |
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Term
| Memory Strategies: elaboration |
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Definition
- rare even in adults
- find common meanings, e.g. mnemonics, list order acronyms |
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Term
| Memory Strategies: expertise |
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Definition
- domain specific
- adults have a better memory base and therefore chunk information better than children |
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Term
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Definition
| the difficulty of the problems that children could solve correctly |
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Term
| Binet & Simon -> IQ formula |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- verbal IQ
- performance IQ
- full scale IQ |
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Term
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Definition
| measures a child's learning potential by having the child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner's help |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing a child's current level of skill |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing the child's potential to acquire better skills |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing the child's potential to acquire better skills |
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