Term
| Why does the life-span perspective on development involve both the study of growth and decline? |
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Definition
| Development is lifelong and always changing continuing to grow throughout lifepsan. Dramatic growth + regulation of loss, Proceeding through the lifespan, Acknowledge both when studying the biological sociocultural an individual factors in the lifespan, |
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Term
| What are the different process involved in the study of human development? |
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Definition
| Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional. Physical nature, thought intelligence and langauge, relationships with self emotion personality and others. |
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Term
| What is meant by the "nature v.s. nurture debate"? |
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Definition
| Steams from genetic founding; growth in a natural and expected way, or biological and social environment influence; the way you were raised, developmentalists do not take extreme positions, regard both as influences. |
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Term
| Why does the author, John Santrock, choose an eclectic theoretical orientation for this textbook. |
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Definition
| Not one or all theories entirely explain the complex and deeply woven workings of life-span development. Acknowledge leading theories, pull ideas from them all to create broader idea. |
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Term
| What is a "cohort" effect? |
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Definition
| People born in a similar point in history (same generation), share similar experiences and events, different opinions based on generation rather than age, they share societal influences. |
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Term
| What is a teratogen? What are three important principles regarding the harmful effects of teratogens? |
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Definition
| An agent introduced to child in womb, can cross barrier of placenta, possibility of birth defeats, altering cognitive and behavioral outcomes, three principles: dose, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure, examples of teratogens: viruses, environment, drugs alcohol. |
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Term
| Why is prenatal care so important for the mother and baby? |
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Definition
| Information for mother and awareness (should and should not happen, Links mothers to social services for support, availability of testing and checks, partner stability and later improved academic success and social development for child. |
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Term
| How does maternal stress affect the fetus? |
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Definition
| Increased risk of emotional and cognitive problems, ADHD, language delay, breathing problems. |
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Term
| What are important paternal factors that influence the developing fetus? |
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Definition
| Sperm exposure to teratogens: lead radiation pesticides (miscarriage childhood cancer), smoking, support and assist positive effects. |
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Term
| Why id prepared childbirth advantageous to the mother and fetus? |
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Definition
| Learnt breathing methods and relaxations in labor process, education about what the expect (information and support), relieves pain, makes easier, less medication. |
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Term
| What are some problems faced by preterm or low birth-weight babies? |
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Definition
| Risk of learning disability, ADHD, breathing problems. Preterm infants particular coordinating breathing and heart rate. |
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Term
| What is the consensus experts regarding the breast versus bottle feeding controversy. |
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Definition
| breast feeding better, benefits: appropriate weight gain, decreased SIDS, less gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, stronger bones, No breast feed if AIDs or other disease that can be passed, formula no antibodies but still has nutrients, helps recover mother less breast cancer, bond formed. |
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Term
| Why do some reflexes disappear during infancy and some persist throughout life? |
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Definition
| whether or not useful, sneezing blinking yawing continues, rooting sucking moro end after infancy. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between gross motor skill development and independence in infants? |
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Definition
| major accomplishments, crawling rolling walking produce independence in second year, allow extensive exploration in environments on own. |
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Term
| What is object permanence and what actions of an infant can signal the absence of it? |
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Definition
| understanding objects continue to exist when not heard seen touched, signal moved from sensory-motor to understanding concepts of symbolic thought, signals imaginations, search for object signals object permanence. |
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Term
| What is L.A.D? What is the interplay of biology and environment in the psycholinguistic view of language acquisition. |
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Definition
| language acquisition device, means child is able to detect language and understand features and rules of it,auditory and gestural communication translated into understanding, environmental influences: socioeconomic family status and direct talk to child, environment goes beyond biological structure, born to learn a language. |
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Term
| What is a child/infant-directed speech and how is it useful in human development. |
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Definition
| Aspect of language development, higher pitch simpler words and sentences, captures child's attention and maintains communication. |
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Term
| Why is the achievement of representational or symbolic thought so important? |
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Definition
| Child's ability to mentally represent an object without a sole memory of an experience. imagination. |
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Term
| What is "goodness of fit" and what is the involvement in the process of attachment? |
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Definition
| relationship of temperament to environment, child learns to cope with both, a parent needs awareness about temperament to adjust environment and personal behavior and attention expectations, best fit environment directly correlates with attachment to parent who influences environment. |
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Term
| What factors influence the develop of "secure attachment" for the infant? |
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Definition
| caregiver responsive sensitive to needs, becomes a more comforting figure, establishes a sense of trust and independence. |
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Term
| What is a reciprocal socialization and how does it occur. |
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Definition
| Between children and parents, birdirectional (influence one another), goes beyond behaviors to family relationships at whole. |
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Term
| Why is it difficult to reach firm conclusions about the effects of day care on children? |
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Definition
| varies by country, specific types, quality, income influences, how long they are in, outside relationship. |
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Term
| How is Erikson's dilemma of trust vs. mistrust related to attachment? |
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Definition
| when and how they are cared for, directly related to attachment, not limited to infancy continues throughout childhood and life in general. |
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Term
| What are some dimensions of temperament that aid in evaluating and understanding an individual child? |
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Definition
| classified by chess and thomas, three basic temperaments: easy difficult and slow-to-warm-up, good generalizations but most children dont fit into these, gateway to explain child positive negativity low activity behavior also personality and individuality, also three dimensions: emotionality, sociability, and activity level. |
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Term
| How do you suppose poverty affects the developing attachment relationship between parent and child? |
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Definition
| may not have time, cannot give extent of care, leases to insecure, avoidant, and resistant babies, lack of prenatal care, more stress. |
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