Term
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Definition
| A perceptual mechanism that enables us to appreciate that an object remains the same size regardless of how close up or far away it becomes. Even though it appears bigger close up and smaller the farther away it becomes |
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Term
| Who Argues that Piaget's Conservation tasks make no "human sense" and are therefore an inadequate system to measure the ability of children. Believing that his largely negative results would stem from the child's inability to understand Piagetian experimentors questions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When a task leads children to misinterpret the purpose of the experimentors questions. |
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Term
| Donaldson believes that by repeating the same question twice leads children to do what? |
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Definition
| Think he or she is supposed to respond to the question by giving an answer the relates to the change that has occured. Leading them to give the wrong responses to conservation tasks. |
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Term
| What element did Donaldson and McGarrigle input to test their challenge to Piaget's theory? The results? |
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Definition
| The "naughty teddy" who would somehow change the counters and interfere with the game. A great majority now showed the ability to perform the conservation tasks. |
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Term
| Martin Hughes challenged which Piaget task? What were his results? |
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Definition
| The Three Mountain perception task. He instead used a dollhouse and added the two "policeman dolls", the object of the task was to find a place for the naughty doll to hide to avoid the "policeman dolls". By using the principles of hide and seek the children were able to correctly respond to the task. The Three Mountains task wanted children to say what the other participants saw, which involved the complex process of flipping the information, leading to the incorrect responses given to Piaget. Children have the capacity to perceive other peoples perceptions. |
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Term
Level-1 Perspective-Taking
Level-2 Perspective-taking |
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Definition
Understanding that an obstacle prevents another person from seeing what you can see
Understanding how an object looks from a vantage point other than your own |
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Term
Inference by Elimination
Syllogism
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Definition
Finding the correct answer by ruling out alternatives
Example: they grouped together known superheroes with an unknown character. Children ruled out what they knew and answered with what they did not
All Xs are Ys. John is an X, therefore he must also be a Y.
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Term
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Definition
| inappropriately seeking evidence in support of a hypothesis instead of seeking evidence that might disprove the hypothesis. |
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Term
Social Constructivism
Scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Development
Private Speech |
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Definition
A theory by Vygotsky that emphasizes the role of adults in supporting the child to construct knowledge
Support provided by adults that helps children to construct knowledge
A period in which the child is cognitively ready to learn a certain type of new concepts
Privately talking through a problem in order to find a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test of false belief in which participants observe that an object moves from location A to location B without a protagonists knowing |
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Term
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Definition
| A test of false belief in which a familiar container, such as a Smarties tube, contains something other than its original content. |
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Term
| How many stages does the deceptive box task have? |
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Definition
Three.
1) Child sees the unopened tube and predicts what will be inside
2) Experimentor opens the tube to reveal that an unexpected object is inside the tube, in this example pencils, and returns the contents into the tube.
3) The experimentor asks the child one of two questions: What another person would predict was in the tube, or what they originally thought was in the tube. either question the child would answer with "pencils", what they know to be actually in the tube. |
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Term
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Definition
A task in which an object has deceptive appearence
experimentor holds up a sponge painted to appear as a rock and asks the child what the object is. The children all say that it is a rock. Experimentor throws the "rock" at the children and then ask what the object is, the children all say it is a sponge. The experimentors then asks what the object looked like and what it actaully was. Both 3-4 year olds answer with "sponge" for both questions, denying being tricked by the illusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A task employing a box that has characteristic content, an example would be the Smarties tube, in which the normal content exists originally but is then replaced as the child watches with a random object. This allows children to accurately answer the question of what they believed was in the box prior to the switch without feeling the embarassment from being wrong. |
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Term
| What is the Mailing Procedure? |
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Definition
| a false belief test in which children mail a picture of the false belief into a mailbox before learning that the belief is actually false; the mailed picture serves as an aide memoir to the false belief |
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Term
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Definition
Believeing that you had known something all along even though in fact you only made the discovery recently.
Adults with the battle between Brits and Gurkhas. The knowledge of who won the battle would shape who they thought had the upperhand |
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