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Founded the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany
Structuralist
Interested in psychophysics; exposing humans to physical phenomenon and then measuring the response
First psychology experiment: dropped a ball on a platform; subject pressed a telegraph key; measured lag time
Trained many early psychologists
Thought that psychology should be considered a natural science (can be precise and manipulate variables)-- led to cognitive and experimental psychology |
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| understanding how the body senses something and then registers it |
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| breaking down psychological phenomena into its basic components to understand what it is |
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| developed by Wundt; methodology Wundt used to help participants report what they were experiencing |
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1842-1910; Leader of functionalist movement; staying in the U.S.
Founded the psychology lab at Harvard
Holistic approach to psychology; reached a wide audience with general observations
1890-- published multi-volume set Principles of Psychology; covered memory, problem-solving, rational decision-making
Contributed to memory, developmental, and evolutionary psychology |
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| how things work and how they are useful to humans; concerned with adaptation, memory, the senses |
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1856-1939; Austria; trained neurologist
Saw patients with problems that had no neurological cause
Theory of personality; "unconscious desires" manifest as physical symptoms
Developed psychoanalysis
His work led to modern-day clinical psychology |
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| Developed by Freud to study the unconscious mind; involves free association, dream analysis, and hypnosis |
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related to Freud's psychoanalysis
Focuses on unconscious motives, early experiences, projecting |
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| how our environment influences our behavior |
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Behaviorist; discovered classical conditioning
Started as a biologist studying the role of saliva in digestion in dogs; noticed they salivated just at the sight of him |
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"Father of Behaviorism" (1913)
Little Albert-- paired a loud noise with a white rabbit
Made use of stimulus-response (S -> R) |
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Known for radical behaviorism
Responsible for operant conditioning
Skinner box-- rat learns to press the lever and get food reward
believed language is acquired through basic principles of learning |
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Cognitive behaviorist
Observe behavior, think about what it is, then choose to behave
Bobo doll experiment |
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| learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and other thoughts, and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave |
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Emphasizes human potential; interested in the "here and now"
Everyone has free will to behave in certain ways
Everyone has the opportunity to make personal choices
Everyone is responsible for their own personal growth |
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humanist; Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs-- basic needs -> self-actualization
Dealing with a homeless person is different than dealing with a rich person |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| Rogers; helps children know their full potential; without it, there is discord between who the child is and who he wants to be |
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| Rogers; reconciling ideal and real self |
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focuses on thought processes of the individual and their influence on the individual's behavior
Ebbinghaus
Piaget-- behaviorist |
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| did research on memory; cognitive psychologist |
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| cognitive psychologist who studied children's thinking; believed children's thinking processes become more sophisticated with age |
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| studied development of language in children; believed humans are preprogrammed to acquire language and that children come to understand language as a set of mental rules |
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| how culture and society shape behavior and thought |
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brain functions influence thought and behavior
behavioral neuroscience-- brain/behavior relation |
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| behavioral genetic approach |
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| how genes affect behavior |
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how evolution might lead to behavior that makes sense to us
development of language
bonding between mother and baby |
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| cognitive psychologist who studied children's memory |
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| descriptive research design |
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uses case studies, naturalistic observations, and self-reports
only describing the population, not manipulating the subjects |
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descriptive research method; in-depth studies of individuals or small groups of people;
Advantages: provide extensive and rich information
Disadvantages: cannot move beyond the individuals being studied (cannot be generalized) |
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| naturalistic observations |
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descriptive research method; observing subjects in a natural (non-laboratory) setting
Advantages: able to target the information you're interested in looking at; hoping that the information gathered is realistic; used with populations who are non-verbal (i.e., infants, immigrants)
Disadvantages: not much control over when the targeted behavior will occur- more time-consuming; cannot infer why the subject behaves a certain way- can only describe the behavior; open to experimenter bias |
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makes use of a survey, questionnaire, or interview
Advantages: can process large numbers of participants; gain insight into the subjects' inner thoughts and feelings; uses random sampling
Disadvantages: sometimes the questions may be written in a leading way; people lie- the more taboo a topic, the more likely the subject is to lie; social desirability bias; if the subject has little experience with the topic, they may not understand the questions |
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| when children aren't completely honest, not to cover up bad behavior, but to please the experimenter |
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| correlational research design |
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looking for a relationship between two or more variables
correlation coefficient (r) = +1.00 -> 0.00 -> -1.00 (closer absolute value of r is to 1.00, the more likely it is that the variables are related to one another; the sign tells you the direction of the relationship)
Advantages: lets you pinpoint two variables you are interested in
Disadvantages: cannot infer causality; 3rd variable problem |
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| in a correlational study, a third variable may be the cause of the relationship (i.e., unemployment rates are positively related to number of calls to child services- stress of unemployment may cause substance abuse, which in turn causes calls to child services) |
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| experimental research design |
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designing an experiment; uses an experimental group and a control group
Advantages: a well-designed experiment can show causality
Disadvantages: confounding variables, placebo effect |
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the degree to which a study can imply causation
Common problems/threats to internal validity: confounding variables, placebo effect, experimenter expectations/bias |
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| a variable in an experiment that may throw off the results (i.e., gender saturation in aggression study); random assignment/matching and large N size usually dilute these |
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- subjects in an experimental group report effects just because they believe the experimental variable is causing an effect
- usually seen in drug studies
- this is a threat to internal validity if both groups are not treated exactly the same
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- the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to broader populations
- can be assured via replicating the experiment
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| reflects the quest for knowledge purely for its own sake |
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| designed to solve specific, practical problems |
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| organization of parts into a whole |
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| humanistic psychologist who pioneered the scientific study of psychotherapy; first to audiotape counseling sessions and analyze their content |
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| what we consider reality is largely our own mental creation, the product of a shared way of thinking |
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| studied how prejudice affected the personality development of African American children |
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| pioneer of biological psychology; studied the brain's role in learning; trained rats to run mazes and then measured how surgically produced lesions to various brain areas affected the rats' learning and memory |
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| pioneer of biological psychology; studied the brain's role in learning; believed that changes in the connections between nerve cells in the brain provide the biological basis for learning, memory, and perception; led to the discovery of neurotransmitters |
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| developed the theory of evolution and natural selection |
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| studied under Wilhelm Wundt; best known for creating his version of psychology that described the structure of the mind- structuralism |
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| set up the first psychology lab at Wellesley College |
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| studied animal behavior and the learning process, which led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology |
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