Term
| Define: totipotent embryonic stem cell |
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Definition
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Term
| How is cell identity acquired during development? |
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Definition
position of the cell relative to its neighbors.
- cells communicate via growth factors and diffusible signals
- inducing gene activation, morphogenesis, and differentiation |
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Definition
| the ability to give rise to more than one cell type |
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Definition
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Term
| specified vs determined cell |
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Definition
specified: has information for a cellular identity but isn't stable
determined: locked into a cell type, but doesn't have the phenotype yet |
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Term
| why are germ cells strange compared to other cells? |
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Definition
| They are completely differentiated but have complete potency |
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Term
| 2 major mechanisms that establish cell identity |
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Definition
1. simple inheritance of a cytoplasmic determinant
2. induction (another cell telling it to become something)
CHECK THIS CARD - info is from word doc |
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Term
| 2 major defining characteristics of stem cells |
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Definition
1. ability to divide indefinitely in culture (self-renewal)
2. ability to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiate) |
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Term
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Definition
| purifies stem cells away from more differentiated cells |
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Term
| 3 cytokines needed for erythropoiesis and its key specific regulator |
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Definition
cytokines: IL-3, GM-GSF, EPO
regulator: EPO (erythropoietin) |
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Term
| requirements for conversion of a mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase into an active kinase |
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Definition
association with a specific cyclin
phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events |
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Term
| In a blastocyst, the inner cell mass will become the _____________ while the trophoblast will form the ______________ |
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Definition
| The inner cell mass will become the EMBRYO. The trophoblast will become the PLACENTA. |
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Term
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Definition
the blastula turning into three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
- inner cell mass is distal
- proximal is trophectoderm/trophoblast |
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Term
| 3 main causes of developmental defects |
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Definition
Chromosomal abnormalities (happen in mitosis/meiosis)
Environmental influences (happen in uterus)
Teratogens (happen via infections, medications/drugs, radiation/other physical causes, and maternal metabolic diseases like diabetes or PKU) |
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Definition
| cause defects in development independent of genetic alterations |
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Term
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Definition
G1: growth, prep for DNA synthesis
S: DNA replication
G2: prep for mitosis, growth |
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Term
| Describe the regulation of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| cyclins bind to cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDK) and phosphorylate them, allowing them to move cells through the cell cycle. |
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