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Definition
| the study of how children's knowledge changes over the course of development. |
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| 2-6 years (preschool years) |
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| 6-11 years (elementary school years) |
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| continuity discontinuity issue |
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Definition
| the issue regarding whether development involves gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity) |
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| early-later experience issue |
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Definition
| the debate between whether early experiences (infancy) or later experiences are more key determinants to child development. |
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Definition
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage |
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Definition
| Includes 8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved |
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Definition
1. Trust Versus Mistrust (infancy)
2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
5. Identity vs Identity Confusion (10-20)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (20s 30s)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40s 50s)
8. Integrity vs Despair (60s till DEATH) |
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Term
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Definition
| States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Pre-Operational Stage
3. Concrete Operational Stage
4. Formal Operational Stage |
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Definition
| The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage. |
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Definition
| The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action. |
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| The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. |
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| The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways. |
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Definition
| A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. |
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| Information Processing Theory |
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Definition
| Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking. |
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Definition
| The view of psychologist who emphasize behavior environment and cognition as the key factors to development. |
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Definition
| the view that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
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Definition
| An environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. |
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| Eclectic Theoretical Orientation |
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Definition
| An orientation hat does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it. |
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Definition
| observing behavior in real world settings |
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Definition
| a research design that has the purpose of observing and recording behavior |
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Definition
| a research design whose goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics. |
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Term
| correlational coefficient |
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Definition
| a number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables |
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Definition
| a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at onetime |
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Definition
| a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time usually several years or more |
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Definition
| the use of an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than it really is. |
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Definition
| branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation reproduction and survival of the fittest |
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Definition
| a persons genetic heritage the actual genetic material |
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Definition
| the way an individuals genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics. |
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Definition
| a chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation, caused by the extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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Definition
| A genetic disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome making them XXY instead of XY. small testes enlarged breast tall diminished language skills |
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Definition
| A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the x chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks. Prominent ears, high arched palate, soft skin, retardation |
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Definition
| A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X is making or the 2nd X is partially deleted. webbed neck mental deficiency |
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Definition
| A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome. |
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Definition
| A genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. PKU is now easily detected-but if left untreated, results in retardation. |
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Definition
| A genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often in people of African descent. |
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Definition
| A prenatal procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen. The echo of the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging that can see fetal abnormalities |
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Term
| Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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Definition
| Between 9.5-12.5 weeks a small section of the placenta is removed and can be tested for genetic and chromosomal deformities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syringe takes amniotic fluid out at 14-20 weeks can test for chromosomal and genetic deformities. Small risk of miscarriage. |
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Term
| passive genotype-environment correlations |
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Definition
| Correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. |
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Term
| evocative genotype-environment correlations |
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Definition
| correlations that exist when the child's characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social environments. |
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| active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations |
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Definition
| correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating. |
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Term
| shared environmental experiences |
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Definition
| siblings' common experiences, such as their parents' personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status and the neighborhood in which they live. |
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| nonshared environment experiences |
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Definition
| the childs own unique experiences both within the family and outside the family that are not shared by another sibling |
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Definition
| emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment. |
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Term
| gene X environment (G X E) interaction |
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Definition
| the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. |
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Definition
| The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygote, continued the cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. |
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Definition
| The inner mass of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells later provide nutrition and support for the embryo. |
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Definition
| the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. during the embryonic, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear. |
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Definition
| the inner layer of cells, which develops into digestive and respiratory systems. |
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Definition
| the middle layer of cells, which becomes the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system and reproductive system. |
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Definition
| the outermost layer of cells which becomes the CNS and brain and skin parts. |
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Definition
| the life support system that is a thin bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats. |
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Definition
| contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the baby to the placenta. |
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Definition
| Consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwined but don't join. |
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Definition
| process of organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development. |
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Definition
| the prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and last for seven months on average until birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new neurons |
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Definition
| any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect. |
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Definition
| Alcohol passes through placenta and causes the retardation |
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Definition
| the third stage of birth when the placenta umbilical cord and other membranes are detached and expelled. |
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Definition
| a caregiver who provides continuous support before during and after birth |
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Definition
| drugs used to alleviate pain, such as tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs used in late first stage labor and during expulsion of the baby to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| a synthetic hormone that is used to stimulate contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| a method to reduce the mothers pain and fear by education about breathing methods and relaxation techniques for use during delivery. |
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Definition
| Lamaze. Controlled breathing and pushing during pregnancy to alleviate pain. |
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Definition
| a widely used method to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. The Apgar Scale evaluates infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability. |
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale |
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Definition
| A test performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth to asses newborns neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people. |
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Term
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) |
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Definition
| An offspring of the NBAS the NNNS provides a more comprehensive analysis of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| babies born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term. |
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| small for date (small for gestational age) infants |
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Definition
| babies whose birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered. |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of holding a preterm infant so that there is skin to skin contact |
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Definition
| the period after childbirth thats about 6 weeks where women adjust to not childbearing |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the uterus returns to normal size |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a major depressive episode characterized by strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair in new mothers, making it difficult for them to carry out daily tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| a close connection, especially a physical bond between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence in which earliest growth always starts at the head and works its way to the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence in which growth starts in the center of body and moves towards the extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden infant death syndrome. a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing usually during the night and dies without apparent cause. |
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Definition
| a wasting away of body tissues in the infants first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition caused by a severe deficiency in protein in which the child's abdomen and feet become swollen with water; usually appears between 1-3 years of age. |
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Definition
| the perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor skills are assembled for perceiving and acting. |
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Term
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Definition
| built in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control. |
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Term
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Definition
| an infants reflex to suck on something that touches its cheek. |
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Term
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Definition
| an automatic response to suck on anything placed in the babys mouth. |
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Definition
| a neonatal startle response that involves arching its back throwing its head back and flinging out its arms. |
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Definition
| Fans out toes and twist their feet inward when the bottom of their foot is touched. |
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| a reflex that when the infants palm is touched they grasp tightly |
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Definition
| motor skills that involve large muscle activities such as walking. |
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Definition
| motor skills that involve finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image changes as you move to and from the object |
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Term
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Definition
| the recognition that an objects shape stays the same despite its orientation |
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Definition
| the ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget: actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. |
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Definition
| Piaget concept of the incorporation of new information into existing schemes. |
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Definition
| Piaget concept of the incorporation of new information into existing schemes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thought into a higher-order system, a more smoothly functioning cognitive system. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Simple Reflexes (0-1 months)
2. First Habits and primary circular reactions (1-4)
3. Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
4. Coordination of secondary circular reaction
(8-12 months)
5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity (12-18 months)
6. Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget 1 SMS which corresponds to the first month after birth. In this substage, sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors. |
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Term
| 2. First habits and primary circular reactions |
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Definition
| P 2 SMS develops between 1-4 months. Infant coordinates sensation and two types of schemes: habit and primary circular reactions. |
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Term
| primary circular reactions |
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Definition
| a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that happened by chance. |
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Term
| 3. Secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
| 3 psms 4-8 months the infant becomes more object oriented moving beyond the self. |
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Term
| 4. coordination of secondary circular reaction |
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Definition
| 4. PSMS 8-12 months Actions become more outwardly directed, and infants coordinate schemes and act with intentionality. |
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Term
| 5. tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity |
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Definition
| 5 PSMS 12-18 months infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things that they can make happen to objects. |
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Term
| 6. internalization of schemes |
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Definition
| 6. PSMS 18-24 months. Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piagetian term for understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen heard or touched. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called the AB error this occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place A rather then the new hiding place B as they progress into substage 4 in Piagets sensorimotor stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| view that infants are born with domain specific innate knowledge systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious memory of facts and experiences |
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Definition
| imitation that occurs after a delay of hours and days. |
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Term
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Definition
| An overall score that combines subscores in motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gessell assessment of infants. |
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Term
| Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
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Definition
| Scales developed by Nancy Bayley that are widely used in the assessment of infant development. The current version, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition has 5 components: a cognitive scale, a language scale, a motor scale, a socio-economical scale and an adaptive scale. |
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Definition
| the use of content words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area in the brain left frontal lobe involved in speech production. |
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Definition
| An area of the brain's left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension. |
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Definition
| A loss or impairment of language processing caused by brain damage in Broca's area or Wernicke's area. |
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| Language Acquisition Device |
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Definition
| Chomskys term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics. |
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Definition
| Emotions that require self awareness, especially ones with a sense of me. |
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Definition
| a rhythmic pattern consisting of a brief cry a brief silence then whistling |
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Definition
| a cry similar to the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords. |
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Definition
| a sudden appearance of a long initial loud cry without preliminary moaning followed by breath holding. |
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Term
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Definition
| not in response to anything/ response to stimulus |
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Definition
| an infants fear and wariness of strangers it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life. |
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Definition
| an infants distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding. |
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Definition
| a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. |
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Definition
| refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with the child must cope. |
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Term
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Definition
| reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. |
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Definition
| a close emotional bond between two people |
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Definition
| An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. |
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Definition
| babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| babies that show insecurity by avoiding caregiver. |
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Term
| insecure resistant babies |
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Definition
| babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. |
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Term
| insecure disorganized babies |
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Definition
| babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented |
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Definition
| socialization that is bidirectional children socialize parents and parents socializa children. |
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Definition
| reinforced turntaking with friends |
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