Term
| Developmental psychopathology is the study of how disorders ________ & ________ within time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Disruption of early ______ can affect later development. |
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Definition
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Term
| When are the 3 times that developmental disorders are diagnosed? |
|
Definition
1. infancy
2. childhood
3. adolescence |
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Term
| What are 4 examples of developmental disorders? |
|
Definition
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Autism
- Learning disorders
- Mental retardation
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Term
| What are the 3 central features of ADHD? |
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Definition
1. Inattention
2. Overactivity
3. Impulsivity |
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Term
| ADHD is associated with what main 4 impairments? |
|
Definition
1. Behavioral
2. Cognitive
3. Social problems
4. Academic problems |
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Term
| What are the 3 DSM-IV-TR symptom types? |
|
Definition
1. Inattentive type
2. Hyperactive type
3. Impusive type |
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Term
| ADHD occurs in about ___% of schoolage children |
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Definition
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Term
| The symptoms of ADHD are usually present around age ___ or ___. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___% of children with ADHD have problems as adults. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the boy to girl ratio of ADHD? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The probability of ADHD diagnosis is the greatest in the _______________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ADHD seems to run in _________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are 3 neurobiological contributions of ADHD? |
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Definition
1. Smaller brain volume
2. Inactivity of the frontal cortex & basal ganglia
3. Abnoraml frontal lobe development & functioning |
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Term
| There is no evidence that _______ or _________ cause ADHD. |
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Definition
| allergens; food additives |
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|
Term
| What is one known risk factor for developing ADHD? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Psychosocial factors can influence the ________ of ADHD. |
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Definition
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Term
| ADHD children are often viewed _________ by others. |
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Definition
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Term
| ADHD children often receive constant ______________ from adults and peers. |
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Definition
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Term
| ADHD often suffer from peer rejection and resulting social isolation which fosters a low ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The goal of biological treatment of ADHD is to reduce __________ & _________ and to improve attention. |
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Definition
| impulsivity, hyperactivity |
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Term
| Stimulant medications reduced core symptoms of ADHD in ___% of cases. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are 2 examples of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ____________ medications are also used to treat ADHD. |
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Definition
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Term
| "Other medications" such as ________ & ________ have a limited efficacy in treated ADHD. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The benefits of ADHD medication are not __________ following discontinuation. |
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Definition
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Term
| ADHD medications do not affect __________ & _________ performance. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are 2 positive effects of ADHD medications? |
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Definition
- improve compliance
- clonidine (antihypertensive)
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Term
| Behavioral treatment for ADHD includes __________ programs as well as ________ training. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reinforcement programs are used to increase _________ behaviors and decrease ________ behaviors. |
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Definition
| appropriate; inappropriate |
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Term
| Combined bio-psycho-social treatments for ADHD are highly recommened because they are superior to _________ or ____________ treatments alone. |
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Definition
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Term
| The scope of learning disorders includes academic problems in _________, _________, & _________ as well as performance substantially below expected levels |
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Definition
| reading; mathematics; writing |
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Term
| What are 3 characteristics of a reading disorder? |
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Definition
1. Discrepancy between actual & expected achievement
2. Performance signficantly belwo age or grade level
3. Cannot be caused by sensory deficits |
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Term
| What is the defining characteristic of a mathematics disorder? |
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Definition
| Achievement below expected performance |
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Term
| What is the defining characteristic of a disorder of written expression? |
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Definition
| achievement below expected performance in writing |
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|
Term
| The prevalence of learning disorders in the United States is ___ to ___%. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The prevalence of learning disorders is highest in _______ regions of the United States. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| About ___% of children with learning disorders end up dropping out of school. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the prevalence for reading difficulties in the United States? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The school experience for children with learning disabilites tends to be ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Reading disorders run in ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| There is a ____% concordance rate for learning disorders in identical twins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence for sublte forms of brain damage is ________ in children with learning dsiorders. |
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Definition
inconclusive
**contributions are UNCLEAR |
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|
Term
| Data _________ behavioral eductional interventions in children with learning disabilites. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 targets of treatment for learning disorders? |
|
Definition
1. Remediation of basic processing problems
2. Improvement of cognitive skills
3. Targeting skills to compensate for problem areas |
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Term
| _______ problems span many life areas. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are 2 examples of pervasive developmental disorders? |
|
Definition
1. Autisitc disorder
2. Asperger's syndrome |
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Term
| In pervasive developmental disorders problems occur in _______, _______, & ________. |
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Definition
| language; socialization; cognition |
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Term
| A developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions and communication as well as restrictive patterns of behavior, interest, & activities |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Many children with Autisim engage in __________ behaviors. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 3 central DSM-IV-TR features of autism? |
|
Definition
1. Qualitative impairment of social interaction
2. Problems in communication
3. Restrictive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities |
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Term
| ___% of autistic children never aquire speech. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The prevalence of Autism is about 1 in every _____ births. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Autism is more prevalent in femalse with IQs below ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Autism is more prevalent in males with ______ IQs. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Autism symptoms usually develop before ____ months of age. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___% of Autistic children have IQs in the severe-to-profound range. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___% of autistic children have IQs in the mild-to-moderate range. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___% of autistic children test in the boderline-to-average IQ range. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 2 reliable indicators of good prognosis for children with autism? |
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Definition
1. language ability
2. IQ |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 historical contribution views in Autism? |
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Definition
1. Bad parenting (controlling)
2. Unusual speech patterns (lack or self awareness)
3. Echolalia |
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|
Term
| An infants repetition of sounds uttered by others. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ conditions are not always related to autisim. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ______ components of Autism is largely unclear. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| There is neurobiological evidence of brain damage in Autistic children. They seem to have a substantially reduced _________ size. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 5 main characteristics of Asperger's disorder? |
|
Definition
1. Significant social impairments
2. Restricted & repetitive stereotyped behaviors
3. Clumsy
4. Quite verbal
5. No severe language/cognitive delays
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Term
| Asperger's disorder is often ________ diagnosed. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Asperger's disorder affects about __ to __ persons per 10,000 people. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The causes of Asperger's disorder are somewhat _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ is a huge problem in people with Asperger's. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 different focuses of psychosocial "behavioral" treatments for Autism? |
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Definition
1. Skill building
2. Reduction of problem behaviors
3. Target communication & language problems
4. Adress social deficits |
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Term
| Early intervention in _______ treatment is absolutely critical. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ & _______ treatments for Autism are unavailable. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the preferred treatment model for Autism? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The integrated model of treatment for Autism focuses on children, their ______, _______, & ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The focus of the integrative model treatment approach for Autism is building appropirate ________ & _______ support. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Mental retardation is a disorder of ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A childhood disorder characterized by below-average intellectual & adaptive functioning and a range of impairment that varies greatly across persons. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| IQ score between 50 or 55 and 70 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| IQ score between 35-40 and 50-55 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| IQ score between 20-25 up to 35-40 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The American Association of Mental Retardation (AAMR) defines MR based on levels of ________________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 4 levels of assistance required for MR? |
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Definition
- Intermittent
- Limited
- Extensive
- Pervasive
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|
Term
| What are the 3 classifications of MR in educaitonal systems? |
|
Definition
- Educable (IQ of 50 to 70-75)
- Trainable (IQ of 30-50)
- Severe (IQ below 30)
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|
Term
| Which classification of MR puts the individual at a disadvantage? |
|
Definition
The one used in the educational system
**NOT in use |
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|
Term
| The prevalence of MR is about __ to __% in the general population. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___% of those considered mentally retarded are labeled with mild mental retardation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| MR occurs more often in _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the male to female ratio of MR? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| MR tends to be chronic and the prognosis _______. |
|
Definition
varies
**From person to person** |
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|
Term
| What are 4 known caues of MR? |
|
Definition
1. Environmental (deprivation, abuse)
2. Prental (exposure to disease/toxins)
3. Perinatal (birthing trauma)
4. Postnatal (head injury) |
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|
Term
| Genetic research on MR shows that _____ genese are involved. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are 2 known chormosomal abnormalities that cause MR? |
|
Definition
1. Down syndrome
2. Fragile X syndrome |
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|
Term
| Although there are many known causes for MR, nearly ___% of cases are unknown. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The treatment of MR parallels the treatment of _____________________. |
|
Definition
| pervasive developmental disorder |
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|
Term
| What are the 6 goals of the treatment of MR? |
|
Definition
1. Foster productivity
2. Foster independence
3. Educational management
4. Behavioral management
5. Living & self-care skills via task analysis
6. Communication training (MOST CHALLENGING)
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|
|
Term
| What are the 3 deficits in children with ADHD? |
|
Definition
1. attention
2. hyperactivity
3. impulsivity |
|
|
Term
| Learning disorders are marked by deficits in performance ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pervasive developmental disorders all share deficits in _______, _______, & ________. |
|
Definition
| language; socialization; cognition |
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|
Term
| ________ & ________ are critical in developmental disorders. |
|
Definition
| prevention; early intervention |
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|
Term
| The onset of MR is before the age of ___. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| MR is characterized by a _______ IQ and deficits in _______ functioning. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Most cognitive disorders develop when? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cognitive disorders affect _______, ________, & _________. |
|
Definition
| memory; learning; consciousness |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 classifications of cognitive disorders? |
|
Definition
1. delirium
2. dementia
3. amnestic disorders |
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|
Term
| Which cognitive disorder is associated with trauam? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cognitive disorder associated with temporary confusion and disorientation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cognitive disorder marked by broad cognitive deterioration. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cognitive disorder associated with memory dysfunciton. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The DSM perspective on cognitive disorders shifted from ______ mental disorders to cognitive disorders. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cognitive disorders are marked by _________ impairments in cognitive function. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| There are profound changes in ________ & ________ in individuals with cognitive disorders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 central features of delirium? |
|
Definition
1. Impaired consciousness
2. Impaired cognition |
|
|
Term
| Delirium develops ______. |
|
Definition
rapidly
*over several hours or days |
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|
Term
| There are marked ______ & language deficits in individuals experiencing delirium. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Individuals experiencing delirium appear ________, ________, & _________. |
|
Definition
1. confused
2. disoriented
3. inattentive |
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|
Term
| Delirium affects __ to __% of persons in acute care facilites. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _____ recovery from delirium often occurs within several weeks. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Delirium is prevalent in _________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Delirium is prevalent in those undergoing ________________, those with brain injuries, ______ patients, & cancer patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 DSM-IV-TR subtypes of delirium? |
|
Definition
- Due to a medical condition
- Substance-induced
- Due to multiple etiologies
- Not otherwise specified
|
|
|
Term
| What are 8 medical conditions associated with delirium? |
|
Definition
1. Drug intoxication
2. Poisons
3. Withdrawl from drugs
4. Infections
5. Head injury
6. Sleep deprivation
7. Immobility
8. Excessive stress
|
|
|
Term
| What are 2 ways to prevent delirium? |
|
Definition
1. Address proper medical care for illness
2. Address proper use & adherence to therapeutic drugs |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 focuses of treatment of delirium? |
|
Definition
1. Attention to precipitating medical problems
2. Psychosocial interventions --reassurance
*memory books
**inclusion of patients in treatment decisions |
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|
Term
| The nature of dementia is ________. |
|
Definition
| gradual (deterioration of brain functioning) |
|
|
Term
| __________ is marked by deterioration in judgement, memory, language, and advanced cognitive processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dementia has many causes and may be ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inability to recognize and name objects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inability to recognie familiar faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 8 characteristics of the intial stages of Dementia? |
|
Definition
1. Memory & visuospatial skills impairments
2. Agnosia
3. Facial agnosia
4. Delusions
5. Apathy
6. Depression
7. Agitation
8. Aggression
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 characteristics of the later stages of dementia? |
|
Definition
- Cognitive functioning continues to deteriorate
- Total support is needed to carry out day-to-day activities
- Death due to inactivity & onset of other illnesses
|
|
|
Term
| Dementia can occur at any age but is most common in the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dementia affects __% of those between 65-74 years of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dementia affects __% of persons 85 years and older. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is affected more by dementia? Men or women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dementia occurs equally across ________ levels and _________. |
|
Definition
| educational; social classes |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 DSM-IV-TR classes of Dementia? |
|
Definition
1. Dementia of the Alzheimer's type
2. Vascular dementia
3. Due to other general medical conditions
4. Substance-induced persisting dementia
5. Due to multiple etiologies
6. Not otherwise specified
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|
|
Term
| About __ million Americans and many more worldwide are affected of Alzheimer's disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease is greater in ____________ persons and females. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The onset of Alzheimer's Disease usually occurs in the ___s or ___s. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The average survival time of Alzheimer's Disease is about __ years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deterioration is rapid during the _____ stages of Alzheimer's Disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deterioration is slow during the _____ & _____ stages of Alzheimer's Disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impaired motor functioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure to recognize objects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's Disease has a negative impact on ________ & _______ functioning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with Alzheimer's Disease have difficulties with what 4 tasks? |
|
Definition
- Planning
- Organizing
- Sequencing
- Abstract information
|
|
|
Term
| What are 3 main cognitive difficulties experienced by patients with Alzheimer's Disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A syndrome associated with Dementia of the Alzheimer's type involving the occurrence or increase in one or more abnormal behaviors in a crcadian rhythm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 symptoms of Alzheimer's Dementia? |
|
Definition
- Agitation
- Confusion
- Combativeness
- Depression
- Anxiety
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 deficits seen in Alzheimer's Dementia? |
|
Definition
- Memory
- Orientation
- Judgement
- Reasoning
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