Term
| Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Definition
this conflict is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
When parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who feels forced and shamed or who doubts his ability to control his impulses and act competently on his own |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed first in smiles and later through laughter. Happiness binds parent and baby into a warm, supportive relationship that fosters the infant's developing competence. |
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Term
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Definition
Newborns respond with generalized distress to a variety of unpleasant experiences.
4-6 months into second year-angry expressions increase in frequency and intensity.
Sadness is common when caregiver-infant communication is seriously disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
Rises during the second half of the first year.
Most frequent expression of fear is stranger anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad grin evokes by parent's communication, between 6-10 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Most frequent expression of fear. Many infants and toddlers are quite wary of strangers, although the reaction varies (temperament, past experiences with strangers, current situation) |
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Term
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Definition
guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride. All involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
Appear at the end of the second year |
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Term
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Definition
| beginning at 8-10 months, infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation |
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Term
| Emotional self-regulation |
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Definition
The strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals.
Requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions, a capacity that improves gradually as a result of development in the cerebral cortex and assistance of caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. The psychological traits that make up temperament are believed to form the cornerstone of the adult personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| (40%) quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| (10%) irregular in daily routines, slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. |
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Term
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Definition
| (15%) inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| describes how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes. Goodness of fit involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress |
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Term
| Ethological theory of attachment |
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Definition
| recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Baby monkeys preferred the soft mother over the wire mother. these findings contradict both psychoanalytic and behaviorist views of feeding as central to building infant-caregiver attachment. |
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Term
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Definition
babies become upset when their trusted caregiver leaves. depends on infant's temperament and the current situation.
Goes hand-in-hand with crawling
develops around 8 months |
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Term
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Definition
| a widely used lab procedure for assessing attachment quality between 1 and 2 years of age. Designed by Mary Ainsworth, takes baby through 8 short episodes in which brief separation from the reunions with the parent occur in an unfamiliar playroom |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants use parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns, they actively seek contact, and their crying is reduced immediately. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually aren't distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up they often fail to cling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parents and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior, sometimes hitting and pushing. Many continue to cry after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily. |
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Term
| Disorganized/disoriented attachment |
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Definition
| This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors (looking away while the parents is holding them or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Identification of self as physically unique being. self-awareness develops as infants and toddlers increasingly realize that their own actions cause objects and people to react in predictable ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way. Toddlers start to give to others what they themselves find comforting |
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Term
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Definition
| Children develop this between 18-30 months. They classify themselves and others on the basis of age, physical characteristics, sex, and even goodness and badness. Toddlers use their limited understanding of these social categories to organize their own behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of self-control requires waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act. Children who are advanced in development of attention and language tend to be better at delaying gratification |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes, depression emerges or strengthens after childbirth and fails to subside (postpartum depression). Child of depressed mothers showed reduced activation of the L. hemisphere and increased activation of the R. hemisphere (governing negative emotions) |
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