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Definition
| REPRESSES somatic gene expression |
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Definition
| responsible for genome wide epigenetic reprogramming |
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Definition
-induce blimp1 and prdm14
-signals from the extraembryonic ectoderm and induced adjaacent epiblast cells to become precursors to primordial germ cells |
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Term
| control of gene expression during differentiation |
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Definition
-use of activators and repressors during transcription
-post translational modifications(5 cap,3 poly a tail)splicing,stability of mRNA
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Term
| differential gene transcription |
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Definition
| expression of a microRNA complementary to a gene or mRNA that inhibits expression of a protein |
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Definition
| DNA structure modified, not the sequence |
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Definition
-an epigenetic process, methalation and chromatins(histones)
-causes certain genes to be turned on or off |
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Definition
| in primodial germ cells the imprints are "erased" |
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Definition
| epigenetics "imprints" are established in the germ line based on male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| the re-established "imprints" are maintained through all somatic cells |
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Definition
| insulin growth factor 2-only expresseed from the allele inherited by the father |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
isolecithal and rotational
roational-slow and asynchronous |
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Definition
| occurs after third cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
16 cells inner mass cell and trohpoblast
=caviation, creating and enlarging the blastocoel |
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Definition
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Definition
| embryo with ICM and trophoblast |
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Definition
forms the placenta
-hatches from the zona plucida
-implates in the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
zona pellucida prevents blastocyst from adhering along oviduct walls
-hatches from zona pellucida by secreting trypsin-like protease |
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Term
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Definition
embryo enters the uterus in morula stage
-blastocyst smakes contact with uterus
-embryo sheds ZP before implantation |
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Term
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Definition
•Trophoblast Cells- L-selectins on trophoblast cells binds to polysaccarides on uterine cells(polysaccarides are synthesized in response to estrogen and progesterone which is secreted by corpus luteum)
-Synthesize intergrins that bind to uterine
collagen, fibronectin, laminin and
synthesize heparin sulfate, P-caderins |
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Term
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Definition
Wnt proteins are secreted from
the trophoblast and endometrium—this in turns
cause trophoblast to secrete enzymes
(collagenase) |
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Term
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Definition
detects Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin(produced from cells that form the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
ICM delaminates hypoblast cells that line the blastocoel forming extraembryonic endoderm
-results in epiblast and hypoblast |
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Definition
| -anchors embryo to uterus tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| further progression of the embryo into the uterus wall by digesting uterus tissue |
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Term
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Definition
epiblast delaminates the amniotic ectoderm that surrounds tha amniotic cavity
-two layer blastodis similar to birds ,embryonic epiblast and hypoblast
-cytotrphoblast enzamatically remodels maternal blood vessels
-uterus send additional blood vessels
-embryo is nourished from maternal blood
-extraembryonic mesoderm forms and will develop into extramembryonic coelom |
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Term
| fibroblast growth factor(FGF) |
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Definition
cell migration
-down regulates E-cadherins
-cells at primative streak capable of synthesizing and responding to FGFs
-may also control cell specification by regulating Snail, Brachyury and
Tbx6—three genes essential for mesodermal migration, specification and patterning |
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Term
| epiblast and hypoblast secretion |
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Definition
nanog=epiblast
gata6-hypoblast |
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Term
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Definition
two signalling centers
node-creation of all the body
AVE-anterior visceral endoderm
Node+AVE located in the anterior region of the embryo
notochord will eventually link the node and AVE |
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Term
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Definition
bmp4 helps regulate differentiation of mesychymal cells which are derived from mesoderm
also plays a role in CNS movement
-expressed in extraembryonic ectoderm and ICM, may activate epiblast cells that will form primative streak |
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Term
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Definition
| induces formation of primative streak and node in mammals |
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Term
| embryo head region formation |
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Definition
| requires inhibitation of the BMp4 and WNT3(potential role of AVE) |
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Term
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Definition
| Detection of mRNA by DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA |
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Definition
higher at posterior, lower at anterior
also dertermines A-P axis |
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Term
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Definition
control strucuter formation in the dorsal axis
-constallation of Hox gene expression correlates with vertabra formed
nodal and pitx2 on left side of mesoderm |
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Term
| left right axis in humans(2 levels of regulation) |
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Definition
organ specific-mutations can cause problems that are possibly fatal
global- inversion of embryonic turning, causes all aymmetrical organs to be reversed(not a big problem)
nodal and pitx2 on left side of mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
contains shh(sonic hedgehod protein) and RA
-if parcels aren't secreted, l-r asymettry fails to be established
-FGF activates secretion of NVPs by node cells
also rise in Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
| codes for a dysein protein |
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