Term
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Definition
organs and tissue formation
embryos occurs "de novo"
Aristotle |
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Term
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Definition
Organs and tissue grow from miniature forms the sperm or egg
Growth only |
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Term
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Definition
Separation of Germline and Soma
germline= heredity |
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Term
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Definition
-Heredity is effected by germ cells-distinct from soma/body
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Term
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Definition
determinants partitioned at each cell divion
only germ cells keep all determinants |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual blastomeres could give rise to complete animal. |
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Term
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Definition
supported mocaism
poked half of fertilized frog egg with hot needle |
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Term
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Definition
Regulative development in sea urchins
Tied string around larva and pinched one cell out
one cell developed normally the other died. |
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Term
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Definition
| identifying internal factors controlling development via direct experimental intervention |
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Term
| 3 main types of experiments |
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Definition
| fate mapping, ablation/isolation, transplantation/ recombination |
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Term
| Spemann's Organizer Experiment |
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Definition
| transplanted organizer graft to dorsal axis |
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Term
| 5 basic processes of development |
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Definition
1. fertilization and cleavage(cell# increase)
2. pattern formation(axial pat. GL frmtn)
3. Morphogenesis/Gastrulation(3D shape)
4. Cell differentiation(strctrly,fxnly dif.)
5. Growth(cell div., incrsd emb. size, orgnognsis) |
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Term
| Experiment proving differentiated cells have all the same genetic information |
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Definition
| Xenopus albino embryos-->dif. cell nuclei inserted into enulcleated eggs of non-albino= genetic equiv.-->albino offspring |
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Term
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Definition
what cells normally form in the embryo
(in chicago-->sox fan) |
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Term
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Definition
develop original fate in new position.
(in st. louis-->sox fan) |
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Term
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Definition
develop normal fate in isolation
(in Iowa city-->sox fan) |
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Term
| 2 types of embryonic inductions and 2 things required for induction |
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Definition
| permissive and instructive; competent to respond, and a threshold level of inducer must be present. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulation of a pre-existing potency, cells have only one response to inducer. (e.g. the action of hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
| Dose of inducer causes distinct changes in differentiation. (e.g. mesoderm induction) |
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Term
| 3 types of inducing signals |
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Definition
1. secreted growth factors
2. cell-cell contact
3. diffusion of small particles |
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Term
| 2 requirements for cell induction competence |
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Definition
1. cell needs appropriate receptors
2. intracellular signaling components must be present. (e.g. transcription factors) |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to cell's position along the line with respect to the boundaries on the ends. Interpretation depends on genetic information active and also influenced by development history |
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Term
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Definition
| A mechanism for the detection of a cell's positional value. Gradient of chemical concentration across cells inducing a specific differentiation type |
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Term
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Definition
| cells generate an inhibitor and release to immediate neighboring cells. allows for even spacing. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a specific cytoplasmic determinant becomes unequally divided. important for body axis patterning, neuronal diff, and stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| dont self renew, generate many types of progeny |
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Term
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Definition
| specific morphogen concentration necessary for cell to respond |
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Term
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Definition
two events occur together in development.
(beta catenin expressed in dorsal nuclei) |
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Term
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Definition
which causes which- coincidence or parallel event?
Starting point for investigations-- developing hypotheses. |
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Term
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Definition
Demonstrates necessity. Stronger evidence than correlation, requires controls to show specificity
(loss of beta-catenin causes loss of dorsal axis) |
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Term
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Definition
Demonstrates sufficiency. Strongest evidence when coupled with loss of function.
(overexpression of beta-catenin protein causes second axis to form.) |
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Term
| 4 Characteristics of differentiated Cells |
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Definition
| Terminal State, Protein differences, Structure, Post-mitotic |
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Term
| 2 variables important for control of transcription |
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Definition
1. specific transcription factors
2. chromatin architecture |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence specific DNA elements |
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Term
| Signal transduction pathway that controls transcription factor activity |
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Definition
| Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling Pathway- activity regulated by phosphorylation. |
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Term
| 4 Mechanisms of Chromatin Modification |
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Definition
1. heterochromatin- large scale silencing, x-inact.
2. Histone mod.
3. DNA methylation
4. Maintenance by transcription factors |
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Term
| Facultative Heterochromatin |
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Definition
| entire chromosome silenced; x-inactivation |
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Term
| constitutive heterochromatin |
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Definition
| large parts of chromosomes, centromeres, y chromosome. |
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Term
| 3 forms of post transcription modifications to histone tails |
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Definition
lysine acetylation-transcriptional activation
lysine methylation-tscriptional silencing
serine phosphorylation- mitotic/meiotic condensation |
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Term
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Definition
| most potent of all cell types; only zygote and first cleavage blastomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to differentiate into 3 different cell layers and all lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives rise to all of the blood cell types; multipotent |
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Term
| 3 types of blood cells stem cells give rise to |
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Definition
| Lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid |
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Term
| 4 components formed from HSC |
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Definition
| Fetal liver, thymus, spleen, bone marrow |
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Term
| Experiment demonstrating the potency of HSC |
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Definition
| In mice, irradiation stops blood cell production and eventually mice die. Inject HSC and mouse survives with many newly formed blood cells |
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Term
| 2 enzymes that define separate blood cell lineages and type of feedback involved |
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Definition
| PU.1 and GATA; Negative feedback |
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Term
| Nuclear transplantation experiment in xenopus |
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Definition
| Take nucleus from either adult skin cell or tadpole epithelial gut cell→ take unfertilized frog egg and destroy DNA via UV radiation→transfer nucleus from ASC or TEGC to unfertilized egg=TADPOLE |
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Term
| Cell type used for First Adult Cloned animal |
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Definition
| Fully differentiated adult intestinal cell; South African clawed frog |
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Term
| 3 conclusions drawn from SCNT |
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Definition
1. Fully differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to be fully potent
2. There are no irreversible changes to the genome/genes during development
3. Inefficiency in reprogramming adult and late embryonic cells is likely due to epigenetic regulation |
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Term
| 3 early lineages of the blastocyst and their TFs |
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Definition
1. Epiblast(oct, nanog, sox2)
2. Trophectoderm(Cdx2, Eomes)
3. Primitive endoderm(Gata6, Sox7) |
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Term
| Assay for developmental potential |
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Definition
| ES cells carrying mutation of single gene in culture→ injected into ICM of normal blastocyst→ chimeric animal produces sperm carrying the mutation. |
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Term
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Definition
-Transcription factor for spec. of TE
-inhibits oct4 gata6 and nanog in TE
-Stochastic expression
-B/t 8 & 16 cell stage:
(-) Inside Environment |
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Term
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Definition
Required for pluripot. Of ICM cells
Repressed by Cdx2 in TE
Mutants differentiate into TE cells
Uniform expression
Expressed in ICM |
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Term
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Definition
Overexpression of transcription factor induces reprogramming of cell to pluripotency
Epiblast specification
Grb2 represses nanog
Stochastic expression
Repressed in outer cells |
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Term
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Definition
S.E.
PE spec.
Grb2 induces GATA6
Blastocoelic surface |
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Term
| 3 TF required for pluripotency (until implantation) |
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Definition
Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 (in epiblast and ES cells)
Bind their own promoters and each others. |
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Term
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Definition
| in mammals only the zygote and the first cleavage blastomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| all three germ layers; ESC |
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Term
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Definition
| Adult stem cells; partially reprogrammed cells; HSCs |
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Term
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Definition
| form only one cell type; spermatogonial stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| adult stem cells, human embryonal stem cells, reprogrammed cells |
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Term
| Embryonal Carcinoma cells |
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Definition
| Embryonal tumor inducing cancer cells that exibit differentiation in a way similar to normal development. |
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Term
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Definition
Transcription factor for PE
activates gata6
inhibits Nanog in sub pop of ICM
Ras-Map pathway |
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Term
| cell fate--> cell position |
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Definition
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Term
| cell position--> cell fate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| since EC cells differentiate in way that followed normal development (properly organized tissues) there might be a normal population of pluripotent cells in the early embryo. |
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Term
| 5 Assays for accessing the developmental potential of cells |
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Definition
| in vitro differentiation, teratoma formation, chimera formation, germline contribution, tetraploid complementation |
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Term
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Definition
| Induction of tumors demonstrating the potential to generate differentiated cell types of various lineages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contribution of cells to normal development following injection into host blastocyst. |
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Term
| Tetraploid complementation |
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Definition
injection of test cells into 4n blastocyst
4n host cells cannot contribute to somatic lineages embryo is exclusively composed of test cells |
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Term
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Definition
| according to 5 tests, most potent |
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Term
| 3 Problems with using generic human ES cells |
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Definition
1. human ES dont not have exactly the same pluripotency properties as mouse ES cells
2. Ethics (132 lines)
3. Teratomas and Tissue rejection |
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Term
| 3 Reprogramming Strategies |
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Definition
1. SCNT
2. Nuclear transfer to amphibian oocyte
3. cell fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Sperm specific protein used by nematode for sperm mobility in place of actin- allows for crawling via lamellapodia |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by Sertoli Cells in Fetal Development. Inhibits Mullerian duct development |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate FSH synthesis by ant. pit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor protein on MT; if mutated: diabetes, infertilitly, respiratory tract problems |
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Term
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Definition
Insulin like growth factor
-cis acting
-regulation is reciprocal
-active in males
-involved in placental growth and ultimate size of embryo |
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Term
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Definition
ubiquitin ligase
-controls protein stability
-If lost in genome of mom=Angelman syndrome
dad=prader willi syndrome
-chrom 15 |
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Term
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Definition
-Protein released/ expressed after microvillar acrosomal process
-Mediates species specific recognition
-in sperm |
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Term
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Definition
-Digests proteins connecting vitelline membrane to PM
-Also digests bindin receptors and attached sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| causes influx of water b/t vitelline envelope- causes to swell and expand |
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Term
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Definition
Hardens the F.E.
tyrosine cross linking |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular matrix support for blastomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein used in human sperm instead of Binding when binding to egg intitially |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein on Zona Pellucida that acts as a species specific receptor. (because mammals dont have jelly coat) |
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Term
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Definition
Galactosyl Transferase
-Recognizes sugars on ZP3 to initiate the acrosome reaction (present in sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg protein CD-9 binds sperm and initiates sperm-egg fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| MPF controls cell cycle degraded by Ca2+ which regulates exit from metaphase |
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Term
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Definition
-Assembly and organization of pole plasm
-ectopic
-mRNA localized at posterior pole (by stauffer protein) |
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Term
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Definition
involved in maintaining stem cell properties of P blastomere in nematodes and drosophila
-represses transcription |
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Term
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Definition
-repression of transcription in mammalian cells
-inhibits HoxB1 in somatic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmembrane protein that demarcates GC's from neighboring somatic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Exclusive to germ cell lineage |
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Term
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Definition
repressed in Primitive Germ Cells
-ret. totipotent |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA helicase present in pole cells used to trace |
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Term
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Definition
| Required for transcriptional silencing but not for cell-pole budding |
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Term
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Definition
-Activated by phosphorylation of CTD
-Initiates transcription |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-columbus
-migration to mesoderm in drosophila
-used in prospective gonad
-attracts |
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Term
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Definition
-Main guidance cue in both zebra fish and mic
-Long range attraction for PGC
-Ligand |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor for SDF-1 chemoattractant |
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Term
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Definition
-Retinoic Acid (vit A)
-Regulates meiotic entry in males and females.
-prevents meiosis
-kept on in males |
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