Term
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Definition
| the period in development between the onset of puberty and adulthood. It usually begins between 11 and 13 years of age with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and spans the teenage years, terminating at 18 to 20 years of age with the completion of the development of the adult form. During this period, the individual undergoes extensive physical, psychologic, emotional, and personality changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to the long axis of the body, or the relationship between the head and the base of the spine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Age determined by a birth date. |
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Term
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Definition
| the developmental process by which an infant becomes an intelligent person, acquiring knowledge with growth and improving his or her ability to think, learn, reason, and abstract. Jean Piaget demonstrated the orderly sequence of this process from early infancy through childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of cognitive development at which children begin to project the self into other people's situations and realize that their own way of thinking is not the only way |
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Term
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Definition
| times when a person has an increased vulnerability to physical, chemical, psychological, or environmental influences |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual process of change and differentiation from a simple to a more advanced level of complexity. In humans the physical, mental, and emotional capacities that allow complex adaptation to the environment and function within society are acquired through growth, maturation, and learning |
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Term
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Definition
| an expression of a child's maturational progress stated in age and determined by standardized measurements, as of body size and dimensions; by social and psychologic functioning; by motor skills; and by mental and aptitude tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical or cognitive skill that a person must accomplish during a particular age period to continue development. An example is walking, which precedes the development of a sense of autonomy in the toddler period |
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Term
| ego integrity vs. despair |
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Definition
| (Erikson Stage 8) the older adult (65+) works toward accepting responsibility for his or her life and being able to reflect on it in a positive manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of thinking following the stage of concrete operations and representing the final, most mature state of thinking. It usually occurs after age 11 and is characterized by true logical thought, capability for deductive reasoning, abstract thinking, formulation and testing of hypotheses, appreciation for multiple perspectives on an issue, and the manipulation of ideas and concepts. |
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Term
| generativity vs. stagnation |
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Definition
| (Erikson stage 7), middle aged adult (35-64) develop a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences and stagnation (inactivity or lifelessness) |
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Term
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Definition
| the normal progressive anatomic, physiologic development from infancy to adulthood that is the result of gradual and normal processes of accretion and assimilation. The total of the numerous changes that occur during the lifetime of an individual constitutes a dynamic and complex process that involves many interrelated components, notably heredity, environment, nutrition, hygiene, and disease, all of which are subject to a variety of influences. |
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Term
| identity vs. role confusion |
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Definition
| Erikson's 5th stage of development, in which adolescents try to figure out who they are but are confused as to which of the many roles to adopt |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikson's 4th Stage in which children (6-11) must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority |
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Term
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Definition
| a child who is in the earliest stage of extrauterine life, a time extending from the first month after birth to approximately 12 months of age, when the baby is able to assume an erect posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikson's 3rd stage in which the child (4-6) finds independence in planning, playing and other activities is marked by an increasing sense of personal identity and willingness to work with others |
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Term
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Definition
| Eriksons 6th stage young adults are in an intense search for self; they focus on developing their capacity for reciprocal love and close personal relationships based on commitment to others. They experience conflicting values as they try to sort out what life means to them. They must resolve the conflict of balancing independence and intimacy as they form significant relationships with partners, with the aim of providing a nurturing environment for children |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time between age 35 and age 64 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an infant from birth to 28 days of age |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time after age 64 |
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Term
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Definition
| any spontaneous or organized activity that provides enjoyment, entertainment, amusement, or diversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's stage covers age 2 to 7 years, a longer span than the preschool years. It is characterized by symbolic function, because the child now uses symbols to represent people, objects, and events. |
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Term
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Definition
| a child between the ages of 3 and 5 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| a normal pattern of skill development, which moves from the midline of the body outward |
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Term
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Definition
| a description devised by Erik Erikson of the normal serial development of trust (birth to 12 months), autonomy (1 to 2 years), initiative (3 to 5 years), industry, identity (12 to 18 years), intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity (60s and above). The development begins in infancy and progresses as the infantile ego interacts with the environment. For the child to reach a new stage successfully, the tasks of the preceding one should be fully mastered |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of life at which the ability to reproduce begins. It is a stage of development when genitalia reach maturity and secondary sex characteristics appear. The onset normally occurs in females between 9 and 13 years of age with the development of breasts and menarche. In males, puberty usually occurs between 12 and 14 years of age and is characterized by the ejaculation of sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| a child between 6 and 11 years old |
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Term
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Definition
| the developmental phase of childhood, encompassing the period from birth to 2 years of age, according to Piagetian psychology. |
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Term
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Definition
| the growth of the five senses |
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Term
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Definition
| a child between 12 and 36 months of age. During this period of development the child acquires a sense of autonomy and independence through the mastery of various specialized tasks such as control of body functions, refinement of motor and language skills, and acquisition of socially acceptable behavior, especially toleration of delayed gratification and acceptance of separation from the mother or parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of life from age 21 to 34. |
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Term
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Definition
Growth and development are orderly and sequential
The pace of growth and development is specific for each child
Children all grow and develop at varying rates; ALL within normal limits
Certain periods are critical during growth and development
Growth and development are continual processes influenced by many factors (internal and external) |
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Term
| Development occurs in what direction |
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Definition
a cephalocaudal direction
Head control before sitting, crawling, walking
a proximodistal direction
Roll over before coordinated hand movement |
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Term
Growth and development becomes increasingly integrated
which means |
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Definition
Simple skills (eye-hand coordination) develop into
complex skills (self-feeding) |
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Term
| who is the cognitive development theorist |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the psychosocial development theorist |
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Definition
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Term
| what is Pigets model of ages dealing with cognitive development |
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Definition
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
Concrete Operations (7 to 11 years)
Formal Operations (11 to 15 years) |
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Term
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Definition
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 to 3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Identity vs. Role confusion (12 to 20 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 to 35 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 to 64 years)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Over 64 years) |
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Term
| Defined as a physical or cognitive skill a person must accomplish during a particular age period |
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Definition
| developmental tasks/ milestones |
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Term
| Components of effective communications |
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Definition
Touch
Physical proximity and environment
Listening
Visual communication
Tone of voice
Body language
Timing |
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Term
| Tips when communicating with children |
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Definition
Remember that children understand better than they can talk
Ask open-ended questions
Increase comprehension by using different methods to present and share information |
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Term
| Communicating with Families |
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Definition
Include all involved family members
Encourage families to write their questions
Remain nonjudgmental
Give families both verbal and nonverbal messages that express availability and openness
Respect and encourage feedback |
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Term
| What are the three methods of history taking |
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Definition
Direct – nurse asks for the information via direct interview with informant
Indirect – informant supplies the information by completing questionnaire
Informant – the person furnishing the information |
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Term
| Pediatric Assessment / Framework for Pediatric Assessment |
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Definition
History
The Classic Health History
Assessment of Pediatric Diseases
Assessment of Development
Physical Examination |
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Term
| The classic health history |
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Definition
Chief Complaint – specific reason the child is being seen
History of Present Illness – narrative of chief complaint from onset through progression to present |
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Term
| what are the four major components of the history of present illness |
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Definition
Four major components:
Details of onset
Complete interval history
Present status
Reason for seeking treatment NOW |
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Term
| Analyzing a symptom includes |
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Definition
Type
Location
Severity
Duration
Influencing factors |
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Term
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Definition
Same for anyone
Especially important:
Birth History - Prenatal, Natal, Postnatal
Detailed Feeding History
Immunizations
Growth and Development
Previous illnesses, injuries, & surgeries
Allergies
Current medications
Habits – such as breath holding, thumb sucking, head banging, rocking, fears, use of security blanket or toy, tics, behavior disorders, temper tantrums, nail biting, hair pulling, masturbation
Other concerns
Psychosocial
Adjustment to home, school, neighborhood
Temperament
Activity level, predictability, moods, intensity of reactions, adaptability, initial responses, distractibility
Sleep
Amount, habits, problems |
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Term
| how do you start a review of systems by starting with what |
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Definition
Start interview with general question about health such as: “Describe your child’s general health” or “How would you describe your child’s general health?”
Systems same for anyone – start the review of a specific system with a board question such as: “Has your child had any problems with …….”
If positive - “Tell me more about this….”
If negative – record “Mother denies ……….” |
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Term
| what do you need to know about the patients socioeconimic |
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Definition
Family History
Socioeconomic
Occupations of mother and father
Time spent with child by parents
Finances – adequacy
Persons in the home
House or apartment living arrangements
General relationships of family members
Community support systems |
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Term
| Assessment of pediatric diseases |
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Definition
Infectious Diseases / Includes Immunizations
Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic, Immune, Hematological Diseases
Diseases by System – Respiratory, etc.
Dental Disorders including dental caries
Injury and poisoning |
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Term
| Assessment of Nutritional |
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Definition
Depends upon age of child – the younger the child, the more detailed
Infant – breast or bottle feeding (frequency/amount); if appropriate solids, what age introduced
Preschoolers, School-age, and Adolescents - Dietary intake including diet history and 24-hour recall (a typical day’s intake) |
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Term
| assessment of development |
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Definition
* cognitive development
-cognitive delay
-learning disorder
* Language developement
-language delay
-speech delay
* Motor Development
-Gross motor delay
-Fine motor delay
Social Development
-Social development delay
-Attachment failure |
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Term
| How do you give a physical examination |
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Definition
| head- to toe as appropriate to the age and temperment of the child |
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Term
| Anthropometric Measurements |
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Definition
Anthropometric measurements reflect changes in growth patterns
Measurements may signal a serious problem and should be taken at every health visit
A child's falling off the growth curve is a significant indicator of changing health status |
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Term
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Definition
Plotted on growth charts –
Separate charts for boys & girls.
Sets of charts for 0-36 months & 2-20 year
Types of charts
Length-for-age or stature-for-age
Weight-for-age
Head circumference-for-age
Weight-for-length or weight-for-stature
BMI-for-age (2-20 year) |
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Term
| Most common to look at patterns over time on growth charts is |
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Definition
weight-for-length or weight-for-stature
Percentiles compared to general population
Below 3th%tile – underweight or small
Above 97th%tile – overweight or large
Plot the child’s height and weight on the appropriate growth charts from CDC and interpret ! |
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Term
| Most calculate chronological age to be measured on appropriate growth chart. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you measure stature from 2-20 years of age |
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Definition
Use recumbent length until age 2 year
Use wall mounted staideometer
Remove bulk
Stand erect with shoulders level, knees together, feet flat with all four contact points touching
Place hand on chin
Lower headpiece |
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Term
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Definition
Balance beam scale (infant or standing)
Nude for 0-36 months
Remove bulk |
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Term
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Definition
Balance beam scale (infant or standing)
Nude for 0-36 months
Remove bulk |
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Term
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Definition
Use tape measure
Measure from slightly above eyebrows & pinna of ears around occipital prominence at back of skull
Plot on graph for up to age 36 months
Equal to chest at 1-2 years |
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Term
| Physiological Measurments |
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Definition
-prepare child
-consider order of vital signs from least to most invasive
-compare to normal values for age |
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Term
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Definition
Apical pulse
Until age 2 years
Irregular heart rate or known heart disease
Before digoxin ( treats congestive heart failure used to slow the heart rate in patients with atrial fibrulation)
Measure before taking other vital signs |
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Term
| Locating the apical pulse |
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Definition
| apical pulse is lateral to the left midclavicular line (MCL) and fourth intercoastal space (ICS) in children less than 7 years old and to the left MCL and fifth ICS in children more than 7 years old |
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Term
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Definition
Observe rate for 1 full minute when quiet
Observe for signs of respiratory distress
- Nasal flaring, grunting, stridor, retractions, cyanosis,
increased work in breathing, or apnea (no respiration for 20 seconds)
Movement
Abdominal in infants & young children
Thoracic in older children & adolescents |
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Term
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Definition
Rectal route – infants and small children
Oral: when children are able to hold thermometer in mouth correctly
Tympanic membrane sensor – gathers infrared energy emitted from TM (eardrum & hypothalamus are perfused by same circulation)
Place covered probe tip gently at external opening of auditory canal & obtain reading in one second |
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Term
| Blood pressure measurement |
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Definition
should be quiet and no movement
prepare for procedure how it will feel
upper arm, lower arm, thigh, calf, or ankle; take measurement in tha same sight; systolic BP in thigh or calf greater than arm
Larger children have higher blood pressures (BPs)
Always verify manually if hyper / hypotension noted
Choose appropriate size
Should cover 75% of extremity
Large cuff = too low
Small cuff = too high |
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Term
| What is the purpose of play |
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Definition
The work of children
Enhances growth & development
May be therapeutic |
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Term
| What are develpomental functions of play |
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Definition
physical
-aids in fine and gross motor skills
Cognitive
-learning a general concept and applying to other situations
-learn size shape and texture
-increase vocabulary
Emotional
-ways of coping
increases self-esteem
social
-infants differentiate self from others
-learn, share, teamwork, competition
moral
-learn which behaviors are acceptable |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of play |
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Definition
1. solitary play- independant play with different toys
2. parellel play- play side by side with similar toys but no interaction
3. Associative Play- group play without group goals
4. cooperative play- organized with group goals
5. onlooker play- child observes others playing |
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Term
| What are the three clasifications of play - piaget |
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Definition
practice play
- sensorimotor ( repetitive muscle movements
symbolic play
-preoperational ( uses games and interactions to represent issues/ concerns)
- games ( concrete with rules by age 4) |
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Term
| what are other types of play |
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Definition
Dramatic, or pretend play
Allows children to act out roles and experiences
Make-believe play
May include medical equipment |
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Term
| Discussing developmental stages with parents helps them to understand the patterns of their child’s development |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the time ages for an infant |
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Definition
| * humans are considered infants from 6 weeks to 12 months |
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Term
| in how many months can infant lift head and chest while on belly and rolls on side |
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Definition
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Term
| how long does it take an infant to roll over safely |
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Definition
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Term
| when do infants double birth weight |
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Definition
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Term
| when do infants language uttering words |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when do infants crawl and pull up |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when do infants pincer grasp finger foods ? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when do infants walk alone |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when does infants body weight triple |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the ages considered for a Toddler |
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Definition
| 12 months through 36 months |
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Term
| what are the developmental milestones |
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Definition
- discovery
- curiosity
-language important - usually about 200-300 words
-walks independantly; runs with wide stance
- learns by repitition-ritualism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| milestones for a preschooler |
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Definition
- rides tricycle by age 3
- throws and catches ball
- langauge 1500-2000 words |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the milestones for a school aged child |
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Definition
*climbs, bikes, skips, jump ropes, swings, swims
* language 8000-15000 words, prints/ writes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the milestones for an adolescent |
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Definition
speed and coordination
develops adult preference bases on senses
pubertal changes occur earlier in girls than boys |
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Term
| Developmental Screening Tool |
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Definition
Useful in identifying potential developmental delays
Not IQ exams
NOT designed to diagnose learning disabilities, language disorders, or emotional disturbances
Offer the best the child is capable
NOT designed to substitute for diagnostic or physical evaluation NOT predictive of future ability
Performance on tasks compared to same age children
Assess development based on performance of age-appropriate tasks |
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Term
| Denver Developmental screening test |
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Definition
*tests kids from birth to 6 years
*consists of 125 items ( tasks) arranged in 4 subsections
* Personal- Social
- getting along with people and caring for personal needs
fine -motor - adaptive
- eye- hand coordination, probelm solving
language
- hearing, understanding, and using language
Gross Motor
-sitting, walking, jumping, large muscle movemnts |
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Term
| Denver Developmental Screening Test – Denver-II form |
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Definition
Test Form –
Age scales across top and bottom of form
Age range from birth to 6 years of age
Items represented by bars, marked at ages where 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of normative sample passed item
Letter 'R' at left end of bar indicates that item can be passed by report from caregiver
Number at left end indicates footnote number (refer to back of test form)
Test Behavior items are used to rate child's overall behavior and cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
- developmental assessment tool
- includes updates of standardization and new norms to reflect the rapid changes in early development and curricula
- screens are flexible, save time and money, easy to use, and are accurate |
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Term
| what are brigance screens key developmental areas |
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Definition
fine-motor skills
expressive language
self- help skills
receptive language
gross-motor skills
social- emotional skills |
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Term
| what are the 4 diferent types of screening for the different age groups |
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Definition
Infant & Toddler Screen
Early Preschool Screen-II
Preschool Screen-II
K & 1 Screen-II |
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Term
| Brigance screen do what 4 things |
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Definition
Determine the developmental or performance level of the infant or child
Identify areas of strength and weakness
Identify instructional objective at the child’s level of development in order to plan a developmentally appropriate program
Obtain assessment data that can be used with other data to support a referral or diagnosis |
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Term
| what are ages and stages questionaires |
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Definition
Screening system composed of 19 questionnaires designed to be completed by parents or primary caregivers
Questionnaire contains 30 development items written in simple, straightforward language
Items are divided into five areas: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social.
Intervals include 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20, 22,24,27,30,33,36,42,48,54, & 60 months of age
Questionnaires can identify accurately infants or young children who need further evaluation to determine whether they are eligible for early intervention services –
(in most cases) |
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Term
| What age group and how do the parents perform the ASQ developmental tool |
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Definition
Reading level of questionnaires - 4 to 6 grade level
Illustrations are provided if possible to assist parents and caregivers in understanding items
All of the 30 items require the parents to check yes if their child performs the behavior identified, sometimes to indicate an occasional response from their child, or not yet to indicate that their child does not yet perform the behavior |
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Term
| How long does the ASQ take |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how is scoring done by the ASQ |
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Definition
| by staff instructed by professional staff |
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Term
| advantages o a ASQ developmental test |
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Definition
| Advantages – assessments are done on a regular basis, inexpensive, relies on the parent to observe the child and complete simple questionnaires on child’s abilities, and is flexible |
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