Term
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Definition
| A method of abortion. Includes RU-486, which is not yet approved for sale in Canada. Health Canada is overdue for a decision. Induces early abortion by blocking the effects of progesterone, the hormone that stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and allows implantation of the fertilization ovum. |
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Definition
| Abortion was illegal in Canada until 1969. The Supreme Court of Canada overturned the abortion law in 1988, stating that it violated the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and there has been no federal law restricting abortion in Canada ever since. In 1989, the Supreme Court ruled against a man trying to stop a woman from having an abortion, stating that the law does not recognize the father's right to do so. Despite these legal decisions, access to abortions is limited, and often available only in urban centres. The province of PEI has no abortion services. Some provinces restrict women's access to abortions at public hospitals, and refuse to pay for abortions performed at private clinics. New Brunswick's only abortion clinic was planned to close in July 2014 due to lack of funding. Clinics are not legally required to report the number of abortions they perform, so current, reliable statistics are unavailable. |
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Term
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
| A condition caused by HIV, characterized by destruction of the immune system, stripping of the body of its ability to fend off life-threatening diseases. Considered fatal, although many people live with HIV/AIDS for many years, thanks to powerful antiviral medications. For many people in industrialized nations, HIV/AIDS is a chronic but manageable condition. For many millions in developing nations where medications are expensive or difficult to deliver, it may remain a death sentence. In 2012, 1.6 million people died from AIDS-related causes. The beginning of AIDS is often marked by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, diarrhea, and weight loss not attributed to diet or exercise. Connected with the appearance of opportunistic diseases like pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, toxoplasmosis of the brain, and herpes simplex with chronic ulcers. As the disease progresses, the person grows thinner and more fatigued. They become unable to perform ordinary life functions, and fall prey to opportunistic diseases. Left untreated, it nearly always results in death within a few years. |
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Definition
| With colleagues, asked 2,751 Canadian women of reproductive age who had had penile-vaginal intercourse within the previous six months about their contraceptive practises. None were trying to get pregnant, yet 14.9% used no contraception. 54.3% used condoms, 43.7% used oral contraceptives, and 11.6% used withdrawal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized protein that attaches itself to a foreign body, inactivates it, and marks it for destruction. HIV infection can be determined by examining blood or saliva for presence of antibodies of the virus. |
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| Anne Marie Whalen, Donald Langille, and Eileen Hurst |
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Definition
| Studied pharmacists' knowledge and attitudes towards Plan B. |
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Term
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Definition
"Antibody generator"
A protein, toxin, surface fragment, or other substance to which the body reacts by producing antibodies. Leukocytes recognize foreign agents by their antigens, and the body reacts to their presence by developing antibodies. |
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Definition
| A method of contraception that applies a human-made device. Continues to be opposed by some groups, including the Roman Catholic Church; although many Catholics including priests hold liberal attitudes towards it. |
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Term
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Definition
Singular: bacterium
A class of single-celled microorganisms that have no chlorophyll, and can give rise to many illnesses. Cause a range of diseases including pneumonia, tuberculosis, meningitis, and the STIs chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of vaginitis usually caused by overgrowth of the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis. Transmitted primarily through sexual contact. Most characteristic symptom is thin, foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Often there are no symptoms. Diagnosis requires culturing the bacterium in the laboratory. Can increase risk of various gynecological problems, including infection of the reproductive tract. Oral and topical treatments are effective. Recurrence is common. The bacterium can usually be found in the urethras of symptom-free males. Questions remain about whether or not partners should be treated. |
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Definition
| From University of Windsor. Took a broader perspective by critiquing some health educators' contention that rational decision-making should result in avoidance of risky sexual behaviours. Argues that the drive to satisfy certain emotional needs can often override longer-range safety concerns. Someone who is less attractive, less secure, or needier than their partners may not insist on condom use, for fear of losing the partner. Someone who believes true sexual intimacy involves ejaculation without a condom may feel emotionally and sexually unfulfilled if a condom is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| From University of Windsor. Took a broader perspective by critiquing some health educators' contention that rational decision-making should result in avoidance of risky sexual behaviours. Argues that the drive to satisfy certain emotional needs can often override longer-range safety concerns. Someone who is less attractive, less secure, or needier than their partners may not insist on condom use, for fear of losing the partner. Someone who believes true sexual intimacy involves ejaculation without a condom may feel emotionally and sexually unfulfilled if a condom is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| In epidemiology, biological factors contributing to contraction of STIs include: multiple means of transmission, lifelong infection, asymptomatic cases, increased vulnerability, gender, and lack of vaccines and cures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found that lower SES census tracts (income, education) in the Calgary Health Region had higher prevalence of chlamydia than higher SES tracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fertility-awareness or rhythm method of contraception that relies on predicting ovulation by tracking menstrual cycles, typically for 10 to 12 months, and assuming that ovulation occurs 14 days before menstruation. The couple abstains from intercourse during the period that begins three days before day 13, because sperm are unlikely to survive more than 72 hours in the female reproductive tract, and two days after day 15, because unfertilized ova are unlikely to remain receptive to fertilization for longer than 48 hours. The period of abstention covers days 10 to 17 of the woman's cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
Moniliasis
Thrush
Yest infection
A form of vaginitis caused by a yeast-like fungus, Candida albicans. Commonly produces soreness, inflammation, and intense itching around the vulva, accompanied by a thick, white, curd-like vaginal discharge. Can also occur in the mouth, as well as on the penis in men. The yeast causes no symptoms when the vaginal environment is normal; infection most often arises from the change in the vaginal environment, allowing the fungus to overgrow. Changes can include antibiotics, birth-control pills, IUDs, pregnancy, and diabetes. Nylon underwear, and tight, restrictive, poorly ventilated clothing may set the stage. Can be passed to sex partners through vaginal intercourse and oral-genital contact, and can infect the anus through anal intercourse. Most men have no symptoms, but can develop NGU or genital thrush accompanied by itching and burning during urination, or reddening of the penis. About 50% of women will have at least one episode in their lives, and 25% will have recurrent infections. Treatments include vaginal suppositories or creams. |
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Term
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Definition
Helper T cells
Lymphocytes which are targeted by HIV. The "quarterback" of the immune system. The body relies on these cells as long as this level is maintained. Blood normally contains 1,000 per millilitre, and people remain healthy as long as this level is maintained. As the number decreases with HIV infection, symptoms generally increase. A person is most vulnerable to opportunistic infection when levels fall below 200 per millilitre of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dome-shaped rubber cap which comes in different sizes, used for contraception. Must be fitted by a health-care professional. Smaller than a diaphragm, the size of a thimble. Meant to fit snugly over the cervix, and intended to be used with spermicide. Inserted by the woman before sex, and left in place for at least eight hours after intercourse. 18% of users who also use spermicide become pregnant during one year of use. Disadvantages include: some women find the cap uncomfortable; and side effects including urinary tract infections, and allergic reactions or sensitivities to the rubber or spermicide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the cervix. Gonorrhea primarily infects the cervix, causing cervicitis; results in yellowish to yellow-green, pus-like discharge that irritates the vulva. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sore or ulcer. Coming into contact with an infectious syphilis chancre can transmit the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented vulcanized rubber in 1842, allowing for the invention of the condom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common reportable STI in Canada. There were 94,609 cases reported in 2010. Teens and young adults have the highest rates. Rates are increasing faster among 40- to 59-year-olds. Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Causes several types of infections: non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), epididymitis in men, and cervicitis, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. Transmitted by: sexual intercourse, vaginal or anal; eye infection, if the person touches the eyes after handing genitals of an infected partner; or oral sex with an infected partner, leading to throat infection. In women, symptoms include inflammation of the urethra or cervix, burning during urination, genital irritation, and mild vaginal discharge. Up to 90% of men and 70% of women infected have no symptoms. If untreated, individuals can pass infections on to others. Untreated infections can damage the reproductive system. Diagnosed in women with a cervical or urethral smear, or self-obtained urine samples and vaginal swabs. Diagnosed in men with swabs inserted through the penile opening, through which fluid is extracted for analysis. Treated with antibiotics other than penicillin. Treatment of sex partners is critical to prevent infection. Often co-occurs with gonorrhea. |
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Term
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Definition
| A birth-control pill that contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone (progestin). Most provide a steady dose of estrogen and progesterone. Include multiphasic pills which vary the dosages with the menstrual cycle, reducing overall dosages and possible side effects. Fools the brain into thinking that the woman is already pregnant. |
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Term
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Definition
Male condom
Rubber
A sheath made of latex, polyurethane, polisophene, or animal intestinal membrane (lambskin) that covers the penis. Serves as a barrier, preventing passage of sperm and disease-carrying microorganisms from the man to his partner. Help to prevent infected vaginal fluids and microorganisms from entering the man's urethral opening, or through small cracks in the skin of the penis. Prevent STIs and unwanted pregnancies. Introduced in 1843 when vulcanized rubber was invented. The term was first used in the 18th century, when they were made from animal intestines. Lambskin condoms to not provide protection against STIs. Many have nipples or reservoirs to catch semen, and prevent bursting during ejaculation. Come in different sizes. It is rolled onto the penis once erection is achieved, before contact between the penis and the vagina, otherwise effectiveness is sharply reduced. Typical use failure rate is estimated at 15%. Failure rate drops dramatically if used correctly and consistently, with spermicide. Advantages include: protection against STIs that is unparalleled among contraceptive devices; textured or ultra-thin condoms may increase sensitivity. Disadvantages include: some people have allergic reactions to spermicides, lubrication, or latex in condoms; may slip off, break, or tear; can make sex less spontaneous; may lessen sexual sensation; some men experience erectile difficulties when using condoms; and use may be discontinued when other contraception is used, thus increasing risk for STI. Condoms are highly effective when used properly, however couples can experience the following problems: breakage, slippage, leakage, late application, early removal, unrolling before putting it on, no space left at the tip, failure to remove air bubbles, put it on inside-out, failure to unroll it all the way, assuming the condom is not damaged, lack of lubrication, incorrect withdrawal, condom reuse, and incorrect storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syphilis infection that is present at birth. Transmitted from the mother, through the placental membrane. Often results in miscarriage or stillbirth. Can impair vision and hearing, and deform bones and teeth. Blood tests administered during pregnancy can diagnose syphilis in the mother, to prevent congenital syphilis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A natural survey of contraceptive practises of 2,751 Canadian women of reproductive age who had had penile-vaginal intercourse in the past six months found that the vast majority relied on oral contraception and male condoms. 54.3% used condoms, and 43.7% used oral contraceptives. Withdrawal was the third most popular method, at 11.6%. A study of teens in British Columbia found that 66% used a condom at last intercourse, 41% used birth control pills, and 23% used withdrawal. The movement to legalize contraception in Canada began in the 1920s. The first birth control clinic was established in Hamilton, Ontario, in the early 1930s. Contraceptive use, including condoms and the pill, were widespread in the 1960s, despite being illegal. The Trudeau government legalized contraceptives in 1969. Includes: oral contraceptives, emergency contraception, contraceptive patch, vaginal ring, injectable contraception, intrauterine device (IUD), diaphragm, cervical cap, spermicides, contraceptive sponge, condoms, female condoms, fertility-awareness methods, and sterilization. Ineffective contraceptive methods include douching and withdrawal. Factors to consider when selecting a method of contraception include: convenience, moral acceptability, cost, sharing responsibility, safety, reversibility, protection against STIs, and effectiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delivers estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and implantation. Ortho Evra has been available in Canada since 2004. A thin patch, about 5 cm across. Worn on the abdomen, buttocks, upper arm, or upper torso, but never on the breasts. When used correctly, more than 99% effective. Advantages include: high effectiveness; doesn't require thinking about contraception daily; and doesn't interrupt sex. Disadvantages include: side effects similar to those of oral contraception. |
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Term
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Definition
| A soft, disposable device for contraception. Provides a barrier with built-in spermicide. Does not need to be fitted. Can be inserted into the vagina several hours before intercourse. Absorbs sperm. 5% of users are mildly irritated by the spermicide. Currently unavailable in Canadian pharmacies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of tubal sterilization. The fallopian tubes are approached through an incision in the back wall of the vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| A shallow rubber cup or dome that is fitted to the contours of a woman's vagina. Coated with spermicide, and inserted before intercourse, to prevent conception. The rim is a flexible metal ring covered with rubber. Come in different sizes to allow a precise fit. Available by prescription, and must be fitted by a health care professional. Should be used in conjunction with spermicidal cream or jelly. Forms a barrier against sperm when placed snugly over the cervical opening. Unreliable when used alone. Must be used with spermicidal cream or jelly. The woman must insert the diaphragm and leave it in place for at least six hours after intercourse. If used correctly and consistently, failure rate is 6%. With typical use, failure rate during one year is 18%. Advantage include: high pregnancy rate with typical use, and need to insert the diaphragm before sex, which the couple may find disruptive. |
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Term
| Dilation and evacuation (D&E) |
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Definition
| A method of abortion. Removal of the uterine contents via suction tube and forceps. The uterine wall may be scraped, to ensure that the lining has been fully removed. Used most often during the second trimester, when vacuum aspiration is too risky. Usually performed under general anesthesia in a hospital. The cervix must be more fully dilated than with vacuum aspiration. |
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Definition
| Conducted a study of adolescents in Nova Scotia. Found that lower levels of school connectedness, which can be a salient form of social capital for youth, were associated with having two or more sex partners in the previous year, and not using a condom at last intercourse for boys, but not for girls. Results suggest that social capital factors may play a stronger role in shaping STI risk behaviour among male youth compared to female youth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rinsing or washing of the vaginal canal by inserting liquid, and allowing it to drain out. Women who use it for contraceptive purposes often use a syringe to flush the vagina with water or spermicidal agents. Many couples believe that it is an effective method of contraception. It is actually ineffective, because large numbers of sperm move beyond the range of the douche seconds after ejaculation. Regular douching can alter the natural chemistry of the vagina, increasing risk of infection. A "non-method" of contraception. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite that lives on the outer surface of an animal. Larger than other agents that cause STIs. Includes pediculosis and scabies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wide variety of groups provide STI and HIV prevention education, including: Public Health Agency of Canada, provincial ministries of health, universities, schools, and community groups. The most effective programs go beyond providing information, and try to motivate people to reduce their risk and acquire specific behavioural skills to enable them to put what they have learned into practice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Did a TED talk explaining the HIV epidemic around the world, and describes ways to reduce the spread of the virus. |
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Term
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Definition
Morning after pill
Taken after unprotected intercourse, or when contraception fails. In Canada, Plan B and Yuzpe regimen are available. |
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Term
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
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Definition
| The most widely used test for diagnosing HIV. May take three weeks to yield results. Detects HIV antibodies. Test results are seropositive or seronegative. Can be performed on blood, saliva, or urine. Not considered fully accurate until three months have passed since the person's exposure to HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the epididymis. Can be caused by untreated gonorrhea infection in men. Can cause fertility problems and fever. Principle symptoms are swelling and tenderness or pain in the scrotum. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Italian who wrote in 1564 about sheaths of linen worn over the penis used as contraception. Fallopian tubes are named after him. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polyurethane sheath that is used to line the vagina during intercourse. Held in place at each end by a flexible plastic ring. Provides a secure, but flexible shield that barricades against sperm, but allows the penis to move freely within the vagina during intercourse. Can be inserted up to eight hours before intercourse, but should be removed immediately afterwards. A new one must be used for each act of intercourse. During test trials, pregnancy rates were estimated at 21 - 26%, but estimated to be as low as 5% for cautious users. |
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Term
| Fertility-awareness methods |
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Definition
Natural birth control
Natural family planning
Contraception which relies on awareness of the woman's menstrual cycle. Intercourse is avoided on days when conception is most likely. Includes calendar method, basal-body-temperature method, and ovulation method. Ovulation-prediction kits are the most accurate charting method. First-year failure rate is estimated at 20%. Advantages includes: natural; acceptable by religions that prefer not to use artificial contraception; no side effects; and inexpensive, except for ovulation-prediction kits. Disadvantages include: low reliability; may be unsuitable for women with irregular cycles; those who ovulate early can become pregnant; and requires abstinence from intercourse for several days or weeks each month. |
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Definition
| With colleagues, noted that, in switching from condoms to oral contraceptives, many women are putting themselves at increased risk for STIs. With colleagues, examined data from the Canadian Contraception Study, and concluded that many young women were using the condom first and foremost as a method of birth control, not as a method of STI/HIV prevention, and were therefore unconcerned about switching to the pill. This speaks to their low perceived risk for infection. |
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Term
| Fritz Shaudinn and Rich Hoffmann |
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Definition
| German scientists who isolated Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis, in 1905. |
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Term
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Definition
| An STI caused by the herpes simplex virus, type 2. Characterized by painful, shallow sores and blisters on the genitals. A very common STI. |
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Term
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Definition
| An STI caused by human papillomavirus types 6 and 11. Takes the form of warts around the genitals and anus. Warts are hard and yellow-grey when they form on dry skin, and pink, soft, and cauliflower-like when they form in moist areas. Can occur on external and internal genitalia, as well as on lips, eyelids, nipples, around the anus, or in the rectum. Incubation period can be a few weeks to more than a year. May be removed with: cryotherapy, freezing with liquid nitrogen; alcohol-based podophyllin solution, gel, or cream; burning off with electrodes; and removal with laser or conventional surgery. Removal of warts does not rid the body of the virus. |
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Definition
| The second most common bacterial STI in Canada. Incidence has increased since the last decade. There were 11,397 cases reported in 2010. Rates are increasing faster among 40- to 59-year-olds. Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Requires a warm, moist environment; outside of the body it dies within a minute. Cannot be picked up from toilet seats or dry objects. Transmitted by unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sexual activity. Rarely transmitted from contact with moist, warm towels or sheets immediately after being used by an infected person. Transmitted from mother to newborn during delivery. Kissing and cunnilingus are less likely to spread the disease. Highly contagious through semen, and less so by vaginal discharge; with one exposure, women have 50% chance of being infected, whereas men have 25% chance. Includes pharyngeal gonorrhea. Most men have symptoms within 2 - 5 days of infection, including: clear discharge that turns yellow and green, then thickens and turns pus-like; inflamed urethra; burning sensation while urinating; and 30 - 40% of men have swelling and tenderness in the lymph glands of the groin. In 80% of women there were are no symptoms in early days, but then symptoms include: cervicitis; yellow-green, pus-like discharge; and burning sensation during urination. When diagnosed and treated early, infection clears up rapidly more than 90% of the time. Diagnosis involves clinical inspection of the genitals by a physician, and culturing and examination of genital discharge. Treated with antibiotics, except penicillin, to which the bacteria have developed resistance. Because it often co-occurs with chlamydia, treatment is usually combined with treatment for chlamydia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducted a study of census tract in Toronto. Found association between low income and chlamydia among 15- to 24-year-olds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leader of the Pro-choice movement in Canada. Challenged the law by establishing a private abortion clinic in 1969. Won several legal challenges against provincial governments that wanted to close his clinics. In 1974, was imprisoned for ten months after the Quebec Court of Appeal overturned a jury's acquittal. Juries refused to convict him because they believed he provided an important medical service for women. Awarded the Order of Canada in 2008 for his commitment to increasing healthcare opportunities for women and his efforts to influence public policy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflammation of the liver. Can be caused by chronic alcoholism, exposure to toxic substances, and viral hepatitis including hepatitis A, B, C, and D. Most people have no symptoms, but can include jaundice, weakness, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, whitish bowel movements, and brownish or tea-coloured urine. Hepatitis A is transmitted through contact with infected fecal matter in contaminated food or water, or by oral contact with fecal matter. Hepatitis B is transmitted through anal, vaginal, or oral intercourse with an infected partner, transfusion with contaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes, or contact with contaminated saliva, menstrual blood, nasal mucus, or semen. Sharing razors, toothbrushes, and other personal articles with an infected person can transmit hepatitis B. Symptoms of hepatitis B are more severe and long-lasting, with 10% of cases leading to chronic liver disease. Hepatitis C has milder symptoms, but leads to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. Hepatitis C and D can be transmitted sexually, or through contact with contaminated blood. Hepatitis D can only occur in the presence of hepatitis B. Symptoms of hepatitis D are similar to those of hepatitis B, and can produce severe liver damage, often leading to deaths. People can transmit the virus when they are unaware that they have the disease. Diagnosed by testing blood samples for hepatitis antigens and antibodies. Bed rest and fluids are usually recommended until the acute stage of the virus passes. A vaccine protects against hepatitis B and D. |
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Term
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) |
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Definition
| Includes HSV-1 and HSV-2. Transmitted by oral, anal, and vaginal sexual activity with an infected person. Can survive for several hours on toilet seats and other objects, where it can be picked up by direct contact. Can be spread from one part of the body to another, such as the eye. Many people don't know if they are infected, and unknowingly transmit the virus. Most contagious during active flare-ups, but can be spread at other times. Any intimate contact with an infected person caries some risk, even if they have never had an outbreak. Condom effectiveness is limited. Passage through the birth canal of infected mothers can harm or kill the child, if prodromal symptoms are present. Symptoms may include headache, muscle ache, swollen lymph glands, fever, burning urination, and vaginal discharge. Although symptoms may disappear, the virus does not. The virus burrows into nerve cells at the base of the spine, and may lie dormant for years, or a lifetime. Reocurrences are related to infections, stress, fatigue, depression, exposure to the sun, and hormonal changes. First diagnosed by clinical inspection of herpetic sores or ulcers in the mouth or on the genitals. Fluid is cultured to direct growth of the virus. Antiviral drugs can relieve pain, speed healing, and reduce duration of viral shedding, severity of initial episodes, and frequency and duration of outbreaks. |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) |
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Definition
| The virus that causes oral herpes. Characterized by cold sores (fever blisters) on the lips and in the mouth and throat. Can be transmitted to genitals by hands or oral-genital contact. Easily contracted by sharing a cup, kissing, or sharing towels. |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2) |
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Definition
| The virus that causes the most cases of genital herpes. Can be transferred to the mouth through oral-genital contact. 13.6% of Canadians aged 14 to 59 have the virus, with prevalence higher among women (16.1%) than men (11%), and lower among those aged 14 to 34 (6.1%) compared to those aged 35 to 49 (19.1%). Characterized by painful, shallow sores and blisters on the genitals. 60% of infections are asymptomatic. People with symptoms may experience recurrent outbreaks at times of stress, due to immune system depression. Generally, spread sexually. Genital lesions or sores appear 6 - 8 days after infection: reddish, painful bumps or papules, which turn into groups of small blisters that are filled with fluid containing viral particles. The blisters fill with pus, and burst, becoming extremely painful, shallow ulcers surrounded by red rings. Blisters crust over and heal within 1 - 2 weeks. Internal sores in the vagina or on the cervix may take 10 days longer than external sores to heal. The psychological impact can be more distressing than the physical effects. Most people can learn to cope with the infection, and with some adjustments, are able to establish and maintain satisfying intimate relationships. Some are helped by support groups. A caring, trusting partner is important. |
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Term
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) |
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Definition
| A combination of antiviral drugs used to treat HIV and AIDS. A protease inhibitor combined with a couple of other antiretroviral agents. Decreases likelihood that HIV will develop virus in their bloodstream. Creates hope that AIDS will become increasingly manageable; a chronic health problem, not a terminal illness. Side effects can be unpleasant, including nausea, and unusual accumulations of fat. Introduced in Canada in 1996, and led to a decline in new cases of AIDS. Can reduce the risk of transmission from mother to child. Cut USA death rates from AIDS-related causes by about 75% since the 1990s. Not a cure; HIV is still detectable in non-replicated CD4 cells. The cost of treatment is around $10,000/year in Canada. Reduces the likelihood of transmission of the virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| From 1985 to 2012, there were 76,265 HIV diagnoses in Canada, with a steady decrease since 2008. In 2012, 2,062 new HIV cases were diagnosed in Canada. There are estimated 71,300 Canadians living with HIV in 2011, with an estimated 17,825 unaware they are infected. Among males, men who have sex with men account for 65% of new HIV cases, heterosexual contact accounts for 20.7% and injection drug use accounts for 10.9%. Aboriginal people living with HIV has increased in recent years. Between 1979 - 2012, a total of 22,702 AIDS cases were reported in Canada. The number of new AIDS cases peaked in 1993, and since has declined, due to introduction of HAART in 1996. In 2012 there were 172 AIDS cases reported, representing an 18.1% decrease from 2011, and a 90.6% decrease from 1993, when 1,833 cases were reported. In 2011, 49% of Canadians aged 16 and older had been tested for HIV at least once. |
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Term
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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Definition
| A sexually transmitted virus that destroys white blood cells in the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to life-threatening diseases. Causes AIDS. Globally, 35.3 million people were living with HIV in 2012, and 2.3 million new infections occurred. More than 90% of those with HIV live in low- or middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Most new HIV infections are transmitted through heterosexual sex, but can also be transmitted from male-male sex and injection drug use. Sex workers are at risk. Spikes (glp20 spikes) on the surface of the viral particle allow it to bind to sites on the cells of the immune system. Uses the cells it invades to spin off copies of itself. Directly attacks the immune system by invading CD4 cells. Shortly after infection, the person may experience mild flu-like symptoms, which usually disappear in a few weeks. They then generally look and act well, and may unwittingly pass the virus to others. Most people remain symptom-free for years. Some enter a symptomatic phase that is marked by chronically swollen lymph nodes, intermittent weight loss, fever, fatigue, and diarrhea. About 10% of people have wasting syndrome: unintentional loss of more than 10% of body weight. Transmitted by certain bodily fluids: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. May enter the body through vagina, rectum, or mouth. Can also be spread by sharing needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. With vaginal intercourse, male-to-female transmission is twice as likely as female-to-male transmission. Anal intercourse is especially risky for the receiving partner, because of easy tearing. Diagnosed with ELISA, or some newer tests that can detect HIV 15 - 20 days after exposure. A 60-second test is now available, administered at the point of care under professional supervision. There is no safe, effective vaccine. Treated with HAART. A daily pill with antiviral drugs can prevent infection with HIV; reduces likelihood of infection by 63 - 73%, but only 10% of users take the drug daily, as directed. Circumcision may reduce the risk of infection, according to studies in South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya. Education and access to condoms is critical for prevention. |
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Term
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
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Definition
| The most common STI. Approximately 70% of adult Canadians will have at least one HPV infection in their lifetimes. Most infections are asymptomatic and harmless. In 90% of cases, the body clears the infection within two years. Types 6 and 11 cause genital warts. Types 16 and 18 can lead to cervical cancer. Transmitted by vaginal and anal intercourse, as well as oral sex and other types of skin-to-skin contact. It is so common that it is hard to prevent. Abstinence is the most effective way to avoid it; condoms don't eliminate risk entirely because the virus can be spread by skin not covered by the condom. A vaccine immunizes against strains 6, 11, 16, and 18: the strains responsible for 90% of genital warts, and 70% of case of cervical cancer. Gardasil was approved in Canada to vaccinate people between ages 9 and 26. Cervarix has been recently approved in Canada. Acceptance of the vaccine is not universal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical removal of the uterus. Not appropriate as a method of sterilization, but does result in sterility. Commonly performed because of cancer or other diseases of the reproductive tract. Carries the risk of major surgery, and can cause "surgical menopause" when ovaries are removed, because female sex hormones are no longer produced. |
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Definition
| The complex of mechanisms the body uses to protect itself from disease-causing agents such as pathogens. Produces white blood cells that envelop and kill pathogens. |
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Definition
Abortion
The purposeful termination of a pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of sustaining independent life. More than any other contemporary social issue, people are divided into opposing camps. Rarely used as a primary means of birth control; usually only once other methods have failed. Motivations can include psychological factors, and external circumstances; there is desire to reduce risk of physical, economic, psychological, and social disadvantages for the woman and her family, should she take the pregnancy to term. Moral concerns question when human life begins. Attitudes have varied across cultures and eras. Right-to-life, or Pro-life movements assert that human life begins at conception, and views abortion as murder of an unborn child. Some in the movement would permit abortion to save the mother's life, or when a pregnancy results from rape or incest. Pro-choice movement contends that abortion is a matter of personal choice. 52% of Canadians describe themselves as Pro-choice, 27% as Pro-life, and 10% as neither. The struggle between pro-life and pro-choice groups has been contentious and sometimes violent. It is estimated that about 30% of Canadian women will have at least one abortion in their lifetime. From available statistics, it appears abortion rates are falling, most notably among teenage women. Includes vacuum aspiration, dilation and evacuation, and abortion drugs. Women may experience a range of negative emotions, including fear, anger, guilt, and ambivalence. Reactions depend on various factors including strength of social support, and relationship with their partners. The sooner the abortion occurs, the less stressful it is. More distress post-abortion is associated with: less support from male partners or parents. One survey of 882 women found that the majority were satisfied with their decision to have an abortion, would make the same decision again, and experienced more benefits than harm. |
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Definition
| Depo-Provera is an injectable hormone solution available by prescription. Effectiveness is 99.7%. Administered by needle in the muscle of the arm or buttocks every 12 weeks. Prevent pregnancy for 12 weeks. Advantages include: high effectiveness, permits spontaneous sex, remains effective without having to be taken every day. Disadvantages include: side effects similar to other types of hormonal contraceptives, such as vaginal bleeding, headaches, tenderness in the breasts, irregular menstrual cycles, weight gain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting; and prolonged use is associated with bone loss. |
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Term
| Intrauterine device (IUD) |
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Definition
| A small object that is inserted into the uterus and left in place to prevent conception. Used by more than 100 million women worldwide, mostly in China. Used by less than 5% of sexually active of reproductive age in Canada. Comes in a variety of shapes. Inserted by a physician or nurse practitioner. A fine plastic thread or string hangs down from the IUD into the vagina, so the woman can check to make sure it is still in place. Includes copper IUDs including Flexi-T and Nova-T, and levonorgestrel-releasing IUD systems including Mirena. Prevent sperm from fertilizing eggs, and prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in the uterus. About 99% effective for up to five years. About 9 out of 10 former IUD users who wish to become pregnant do so within a year. Advantages include: high effectiveness; relatively maintenance-free. Disadvantages include: side effects such as excessive menstrual cramping, irregular bleeding between periods, and heavier-than-usual menstrual bleeding; increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); and risk of perforation of the uterine or cervical walls. |
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Definition
| A yellowish discolouration of the skin and whites of the eyes. Can be caused by hepatitis. |
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Definition
| In 2014, announced that all new Liberal candidates running in the 2015 federal election would be Pro-choice. |
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Definition
| Found that Plan B has fewer side effects than Yuzpe regimen, and is more effective. |
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Definition
| From Dalhousie University. Conducted an online survey. Found that only 14% of those who did not use a condom at last intercourse rate themselves as being at high risk. |
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Definition
Belly-button surgery
A type of tubal sterilization. A laparoscope is inserted through a small incision just below the nasal, and used to cauterize, cut, or clamp the fallopian tubes. The woman usually returns to daily routine in a few days. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third stage of syphilis. Symptoms disappear, and the infection lies dormant for 1 - 40 years. Spirochetes continue to multiply and burrow into the circulatory system, central nervous system, and bones. The person may no longer be contagious, but a pregnant woman can still transmit the infection to her child during delivery. |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells that are essential to the body's defences against infection. Engage in microscopic warfare, undertaking search-and-destroy missions to identify and eradicate foreign agents and debilitated cells. Recognize foreign agents by their surface fragments, or antigens. Includes CD4 cells. |
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Definition
| With colleagues, compared 4,575 women who had breast cancer with 4,682 controls. Found no increased risk for breast cancer among pill-using women. The pill did not increase risk of breast cancer in women with family history of the disease, either. |
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Definition
| Calculated abortion rates for young women aged 15 - 19. Found that from 2001 to 2010, abortion rates among Canadian teens declined from 1.94% to 1.47%. |
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Definition
| Suggest that large reported rate increases in chlamydia in Canada are likely attributable, in large part, to more sensitive testing methods and increases in numbers of people tested, as has happened in the USA. |
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Definition
| As part of the Trojan/SIECCAN Sexual Health Study, presented findings on contraceptive methods used at last intercourse among 653 Canadian university students aged 18 - 24 who had had penile-vaginal intercourse in the previous three months. Among women, 63.0% used oral contraception, 42.3% a condom, 17.7% another method, and 7.8% no method. Women said the preferred method was oral contraception (60.7%) over condoms (21.8%), and men preferred condoms (49.7%) over oral contraception (33.7%). Among those who reported using a condom at last intercourse, 62.0% of men and 56.4% of women said their main reason was birth control, while 29.2% of men and 40.0% of women said birth control and STI prevention equally, and only 8.8% of men and 3.6% of women said their main reason was STI prevention. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of tubal ligation. A small incision is made in the abdomen to provide access to the fallopian tubes. Each tube is cut and either tied back or clamped with a clip. |
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Term
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Definition
A birth-control pill that contains only synthetic progesterone (progestin). Acts in two ways:
1. Thickens the cervical mucus, impeding the passage of sperm through the cervix.
2. Renders inner lining of the uterus less receptive to fertilized eggs. |
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Term
| Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) |
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Definition
| A uteral infection caused by chlamydia, candidiasis, or trichomoniasis. In men it causes a thin, whitish discharge from the penis, burning or other pain during urination, soreness of the scrotum, and feeling of heaviness in the testes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herpes infection of the eye, usually caused by touching an infected area of the body, then touching the eye. A potentially serious form of herpes infection. Thorough washing of the hands after touching an infected area may reduce risk of spreading it to other parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases that take hold only when the immune system is weakened and unable to fend them off. AIDS is connected with opportunistic diseases including pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, toxoplasmosis of the brain, and herpes simplex with chronic ulcers. A person is vulnerable when CD4 cell levels fall below 200 per millilitre of blood. |
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Definition
Birth control pill
The pill
A contraceptive that consists of sex hormones which are swallowed. There are many kinds, varying in hormone types and dosages. Includes combination pills and minipills. Progesterone causes cervical mucus to increase in thickness, and become more acidic, becoming a barrier to sperm. Progesterone inhibits development of the endometrium, making implantation of a fertilized ovum difficult. When used consistently and correctly, failure rate is 0.5% or less. With typical use, failure rate is about 3%. Ovulation resumes regularly within three months of suspending use. Advantages include: high effectiveness; doesn't interfere with sexual spontaneity; doesn't diminish sexual sensation; reduces risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ovarian cysts, and fibrocystic breast growths; regularizes menstrual cycles; reduces menstrual cramping and discomfort; treats iron-deficiency anemia and facial acne; and combination pill reduces risks of ovarian and endometrial cancer. Disadvantages include: confers no protection against STIs; may reduce effectiveness of antibiotics used to treat STIs; requires medical consultation; must begin use at least several weeks before becoming sexually active or discontinuing use of other contraceptives; and potential link with breast cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms of sexual expression that don't involve exchange of bodily fluids. Includes massage, hugging, caressing, mutual masturbation, and rubbing bodies together. A low-risk sexual behaviour for STIs and HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
Cervical-mucus method
A fertility-awareness method of contraception that relies on predicting ovulation by tracking the viscosity of cervical mucus. Following menstruation, the vagina is relatively dry, and there is little or no discharge from the cervix; these days are safe. When mucus discharge appears that is thick, sticky, and white or cloudy, unprotected intercourse should be avoided. As the cycle progresses, the mucus discharge becomes thin, clear, and slippery; these are peak days that are to be avoided. |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent, especially a microorganism, that can cause disease. Killed by white blood cells produced by the immune system. Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, worn-out body cells, and cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The days during the menstrual cycle when a woman is most likely to be fertile. Cervical mucus discharge thins and clears, becoming slippery or stringy, like raw egg white. This may be accompanied by a feeling of vaginal lubrication or wetness. Ovulation takes place about a day after the last peak day, about four days after this the ovulatory mucus appears, and then becomes cloudy and tacky again. Intercourse may resume four days following the last peak day. |
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Definition
Crabs
An infestation of pubic lice. Caused by an ectoparasite, Phthirus pubis. Resemble crabs under a microscope, and can be seen with the naked eye in their adult stage. Spread sexually, and from contact with infested towels, sheets, and toilet seats. Fingers may transmit lice from genitals to other hair-covered parts of the body. Can survive only 24 hours without a human host, but can deposit eggs that take up to seven days to hatch in bedding and towels. All bedding, towels, and clothes used by an infested person must be dry cleaned or washed in hot water, and dried on hot cycle, to ensure they are safe. Sexual contact should be avoided until infestation is eradicated. Itching is the most prominent symptom. |
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Term
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
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Definition
| Inflammation of the pelvic region in women, possibly including the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, abdominal cavity, and ovaries. Symptoms include abdominal pain and tenderness, nausea, fever, and irregular menstrual cycles. Condition may lead to infertility. Can be caused by untreated chlamydial infections that spread throughout the reproductive system in women; fallopian tubes may be scarred, resulting in infertility. Can be caused when gonorrhea spreads to the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and other parts of the abdominal cavity; causes cramps, cervical tenderness and discharge, pain during intercourse, and vomiting. A serious illness that requires aggressive treatment with antibiotics, and possibly surgery to remove infected tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gonorrheal infection of the pharynx, the cavity leading from the mouth and nasal passages to the larynx and esophagus. It is characterized by a sore throat. May be developed by a person who performs fellatio on a partner infected with gonorrhea. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emergency contraception pill available in Canada. Has fewer side effects and is more effective than Yuzpe. Not an abortion pill; it cannot end an established pregnancy. Available without a prescription on customer accessible shelves. It prevents pregnancy by preventing joining of the sperm and egg, and by preventing fertilized eggs from attaching to the uterine wall. Most effective when taken within 72 hours, but should be taken as soon as possible. Side effects can include nausea that lasts for a day or two after treatment. Studies have shown pregnancy rates of 1% to 3%. |
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Definition
| In 1869, declared that human life began at conception, and that abortion at any stage of pregnancy is murder in the eyes of the Church, and grounds for excommunication. |
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Definition
| The first stage of syphilis. Occurs 2 - 4 weeks after contact. A painless, hard, round, ulcer-like chancre, or lesion with raised edges appears at the infection site. In women, it may form on the vaginal walls or cervix, or on external genitalia. In men, it may form on the penile glans, scrotum, or penile shaft. It may appear in the rectum. Diagnosed by clinical examination. |
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Definition
| Warning symptoms that signal the onset or flare-up of a disease. Obstetricians often perform cesarean sections on mothers who have herpes, if they have active lesions or prodromal symptoms at the time of delivery, to reduce risk of passing the virus to the child. |
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Definition
| In epidemiology, psychological factors contributing to contraction of STIs include: perceived low risk, lack of communication, psychological obstacles to condom use, and alcohol and drug use. |
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Definition
| Analyzed data from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Found that among unmarried, non-cohabitating Canadians aged 20 to 34, 35.8% had had more than one intercourse partner during the previous 12 months, and about 30% of males and nearly 40% of females who had three or four partners during the previous year had not used condoms at last intercourse. |
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Term
| Rupert Klein and Bärbel Knäuper |
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Definition
| From McGill University. Found that female university students believe condom use signifies a lack of commitment and trust in their relationships. Indicates that the most significant obstacle to condom use involves the dynamics of a couple relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasitic infestation by a tiny mite that may be transmitted through sexual contact, or contact with infested fabrics such as clothing, bed linens, and towels. Caused by an ectoparasite, Sarcoptes scabiei. Attach themselves to the base of the pubic hair, and burrow into the skin, where they lay eggs and subsist for the duration of their 30 day life spans. Often found in the genital region, where they cause itching and discomfort. Cause red lines created by burrowing, as well as sores, welts, and blisters on the skin. Cannot be seen with the naked eye; diagnosis is made by detecting it or its by-products on the hands and wrists, but also on genitals, buttocks, armpits, and feet. Effectively treated with medication. Sex partners and others in close bodily contact should also be treated. Clothing and bed linens should be dry-cleaned or washed and dried on hot cycle. Sexual contact should be avoided until the infestation is eliminated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second stage of syphilis. Occurs a few weeks or months after the primary stage. A painless, reddish, raised skin rash or bump forms that eventually darkens and bursts, oozing a discharge. There may be sores in the mouth, swelling in the joints, sore throat, headaches, and fever. The person may assume they have the flu. Blood tests become a definitive diagnostic method. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lacking a pathogen or antibody to that pathogen in the bloodstream. With an ELISA test, indicates that the person is not infected with HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having a pathogen or antibody to that pathogen in the blood stream. With an ELISA test, indicates that the person is infected with HIV. |
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Term
| Sexually transmitted infection (STI) |
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Definition
| An infection that is passed from one person to another through sexual contact. Some STIs, including HIV, can be transmitted in other ways as well. Human papilloma virus (HPV) and genital herpes (HSV) are the most common, but not reportable STIs. Rates are higher in young people. Risk of STIs can be reduced by: being knowledgeable; refraining from partnered sexual activity; using latex condoms; limiting your number of sexual partners; getting tested for STIs and HIV; avoiding non-sexual risk behaviours; getting regular medical checkups; engaging in lower-risk sexual behaviours; making your own sexual health plan; talking to partners about sexual health; and consulting your physician if you suspect you've been exposed to an STI. |
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Term
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Definition
| Researches risk-taking behaviour and decision making, specifically with condom non-use with new partners. |
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Term
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Definition
| In epidemiology, social factors contributing to contraction of STIs include: socioeconomic status, social capital, gender inequality, sexual orientation, and ethnocultural factors. |
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Definition
| Studied emergency contraception use. Found that it was highest among women aged 20 - 24, and second highest for those aged 15 - 19. 56% used other birth control methods that failed. Availability of emergency contraception without a prescription increased its use. |
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Term
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Definition
| A contraceptive which coats the cervical opening, blocking the passage of sperm, and killing sperm with chemical action. Come in different forms, including jellies, creams, suppositories, and aerosol foams. Should be left in the vagina for several hours after intercourse. Suppositories must be inserted 15 minutes before sex, to allow time for it to dissolve. With typical use, first-year failure rate when used alone is 21%. When used correctly and consistently, 6%. All are more effective when combined with other methods, such as condoms. Disadvantages include: may cause vaginal or penile irritation: provides no STI protection, and increases HIV susceptibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 2011, pledged that his government would not seek to pass new legislation restricting access to abortion in Canada. Reaffirmed this in 2014. In 2014, announced that there would be renewed Canadian funding commitment to the maternal health initiative, but none of the funds would be directed to the provision of abortion services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical procedures that render people incapable of reproduction, without affecting sexual activity. The most effective form of contraception. A person is transformed all at once, presumably permanently, from someone who might be capable of bearing children, to someone who isn't. Sometimes involves a profound change in self-concept. Includes vasectomy for males, and tubal sterilization for females. |
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Term
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Definition
| An STI caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. May progress through several stages of development, often from a chancre to a skin rash to damage to the cardiovascular or central nervous system. Stages include primary stage, secondary stage, latent stage, and tertiary stage. Not as widespread as it used to be, but its effects can be extremely harmful, including heart disease, blindness, confusion, and death. Incidence is relatively small compared to gonorrhea and chlamydia. Has been increasing in men who have sex with men. There were 1,757 cases reported in 2010, 90.5% of which were diagnosed in men. Rates are increasing faster among 40- to 59-year-olds. Transmitted by: vaginal or anal intercourse; oral-genital or oral-anal contact with an infected person; when mucous membrane comes into contact with open lesions of an infected partner; touching of an infectious chancre; and from mother to fetus through placenta. Diagnosed by examination of fluid from chancres; spirochetes are quite visible. Penicillin is the treatment of choice. Sex partners of infected persons should be evaluated. |
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Definition
| Conducted a survey, "Male Call Canada", of men who have sex with men (MSM). Called 1,235 MSM in Canada aged 16 to 89. Found that 54.6% identified as gay, and 35.6% as bisexual. Number of sex partners in the last six months was none for 16.8%, one for 22.3%, two to five for 36.8%, and six or more for 24.0%. 88.1% agreed that the benefits of using condoms outweighed the disadvantages. 75% had been tested for HIV, and 6.6% were HIV positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth stage of syphilis. Large ulcers may form on the skin, muscle tissue, digestive organs, lungs, liver, and other organs. These can be treated. Serious damage can be done if the infection attacks the central nervous or cardiovascular system. Can be fatal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that the ensoulment of the fetus did not occur for at least 40 days after conception. For much of history, the Roman Catholic Church held to this belief, and permitted abortion before this time. |
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Term
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Definition
Trich
A form of vaginitis caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. A single-celled parasite. The most common parasitic STI. Symptoms include burning or itching in the vulva, mild pain during urination or intercourse, and odorous, foamy, whitish to yellow-green discharge. Many women notice that symptoms appear or worsen during, or just after, menstrual periods. Some women have no symptoms. Facilitates the transmission of HIV, and is linked to development of tubal adhesions that can result in infertility. Can have no symptoms. Can cause NGU in men, and a slight penile discharge noticeable before first urination in the morning; there may be tingling or itching in the urethral tract, but most men have no symptoms. Almost always sexually transmitted. Can live for several hours on moist surfaces outside the body, such as towels, washcloths, and bedclothes. Can be picked up from toilet seats, but the penis or vulva must be in direct contact with the seat. Diagnosed by microscopic examination of a smear of vaginal fluid. Examination of cultures grown from the vaginal smear is more reliable. When both partners are treated simultaneously, success rate approaches 100%. |
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Term
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Definition
Tubal ligation
The most common method of female sterilization, in which the fallopian tubes are surgically blocked, to prevent meeting of sperm and ova. Includes minilaparotomy, laparoscopy, and culpotomy. Doesn't disrupt sex drive or sexual response. Menstrual cycle is undisturbed. Unfertilized eggs are reabsorbed by the body. Highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with 0.4% failure rate. Should be considered irreversible with 43 - 88% reversals successful. Advantages include: nearly 100% effective. Disadvantages include: complications following surgery, and no protection against STIs. Permanence may be considered an advantage or disadvantage. |
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Term
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Definition
Suction curettage
A method of abortion. Removal of the uterine contents via an aspirator, or suction machine. The safest, most common method of abortion used in Canada. Relatively painless and inexpensive. Can be done with little or no anesthesia in a medical office or clinic. The cervix is dilated with a curved metal rod, or by insertion of the seaweed Laminaria digitate which expands as it absorbs moisture. Then the aspirator is inserted into the cervix, and used to evacuate the uterus. Used only during the first trimester, after which there is increased risk of perforation and bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively new contraceptive method. NuvaRing is available in Canada. Delivers estrogen and progestin through the skin. Inserted into the vagina, and worn for three consecutive weeks, followed by a ring-free week, at the end of which the woman inserts another ring. The ring is left in place during sex, and can be reinserted if it slips out. Most people don't notice the ring during sex. As effective as oral contraceptives, and may be helpful if the woman has a hard time remembering to take a pill every day. Research is needed to determine long-term side effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any type of vaginal infection or inflammation. Symptoms can include genital irritation or itching and burning during urination, but most common symptom is an odorous discharge. Most cases are caused by organisms that reside in the vagina naturally but overgrow, or sexually transmitted organisms. Overgrowth of natural organisms can be caused by upset of the environmental balance of the vagina, such as birth control pills, antibiotics, dietary changes, excessive douching, nylon underwear or pantyhose, or sensitivities or allergies to chemicals. The microorganisms can also infect men's urethral tracts. Includes bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surgical method of male sterilization in which each vas deferens is cut and tied back or cauterized, to prevent sperm from reaching the urethra. Instead, sperm are harmlessly reabsorbed by the body. Usually carried out in a doctor's office, under local anesthesia. Takes 15 to 20 minutes. Does not diminish the sex drive, or result in any change in sexual arousal, erectile or ejaculatory ability, or sensations of ejaculation. Few serious complications have been reported. Minor complications, such as inflammation or swelling, are not uncommon. May be reversed by vasovasotomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surgical method of reversing a vasectomy. A complicated practise. The cut or cauterized ends of the vas deferentia are sewn back together. Estimates at success range from 16% to 79%. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tiny particle of DNA surrounded by a protein coating. Incapable of reproducing on their own. Invade a body cell, and use the cell to spin off new viral particles which can spread to other cells. Includes HIV, HSV, and HPV. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An ineffective method of contraception. The man removes his penis before ejaculating. First year failure rate among typical users is 27%. Reasons for failure include: the man may not withdraw in time; some ejaculate may still fall onto the vagina; there may be secretion of seminal fluid before orgasm that the man is unaware of; and active sperm may be present in pre-ejaculatory secretions. |
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