Term
| A. Lawrene, E. Latty, M. Chivers, and J.M. Bailey |
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Definition
| In 2005, examined arousal patterns in male-to-female transgender participants before and after gender reassignment surgery. Participants who identified as gay before reassignment were more aroused by sexual images of men. Participants who identified as heterosexual before reassignment were more aroused by images of women. Responses after surgery were similar to those before surgery. |
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Term
| Acquired sexual dysfunction |
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Definition
| A sexual dysfunction that follows a period of unproblematic functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influencing the frequency or intensity of the drive that motivates the behaviour and ability to perform the behaviour. Includes sexual response and desire. Testosterone has an activating influence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological factor that can cause sexual dysfunction. Physical changes to internal and external genitalia; thinning of the vaginal walls. Associated with medical conditions and problems. Stereotypes associated with sexuality and aging can create performance anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychoactive drug. Small amounts can induce feelings of well-being, but large amounts can curb sexual response. Can lower sexual inhibitions, and induce feelings of euphoria. Expectations regarding alcohol may influence sexual responsiveness. Appears to impair ability to weigh information. Leads us to ascribe our behaviour to the effects of alcohol rather than to ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (SIECCAN). In 2005, found that many new users of recreational drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine reported enhanced sexual experiences, but continued use often results in diminished sexual functioning over time, and numerous general health effects. |
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Term
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Definition
1894 - 1956
In 1953, reported that 14% of female respondents regularly had multiple orgasms. This surprised fellow scientists and the community at large. Some people thought that these women must be "nymphomaniacs". |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug or other agent with antagonistic effects to sexual arousal or sexual desire. Includes saltpetre, antiandrogens, tranquilizers, antihypertensive drugs, and certain antidepressants. |
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Term
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Definition
Pre-orgasmic
Unable to reach orgasm, through any means. Sometimes refers to a person who has never reached orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that reduces the levels of androgen in the blood stream. May have anaphrodisiac affects. Used in the treatment of deviant behaviour patterns such as sexual violence and adult sexual interest in children, with some promising effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any drug or other agent that is sexually arousing or that increases sexual desire. In some societies, genital secretions are considered aphrodisiacs. Examples include foods, drugs such as amyl nitrate, Viagra, and L-dopa, as well as hormones such as testosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive disease characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints. May make it difficult or painful to bend the arms, knees, and hips. Sexual activities that minimize discomfort may be helpful, as well as applying moist heat to the joints before sexual relations. |
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Term
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Definition
| From University of Waterloo. In 2001, found that 93% of university women sometimes or usually needed direct clitoral stimulation during intercourse to reach orgasm. 46% of women had orgasms during at least half of intercourse experiences, and 49% said it often took them a long time to have orgasms. |
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Term
| Basson's intimacy model of female sexual response |
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Definition
| Developed by Rosemary Basson. An intimacy-based model of female sexual response. Especially relevant for women in long-term relationships. The process does not necessarily begin with feelings of desire, but rather with feelings of intimacy with their partners. Arousal for intimacy reasons may make her responsive to sexual stimulation that increases arousal, and then may preceded to sexual desire. Arousal may not lead to orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the University of Western Ontario. With colleagues, in 2005, found that many women whose partners had erectile dysfunction reported that they experienced lower levels of sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction. A significant portion of women whose partners used an erection drug experiened increased sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in the biopsychosocial model of explaining dysfunction. Medical conditions and health problems. For sexual dysfunction, includes testosterone deficiency, thyroid overactivity, thyroid underactivity, temporal lobe epilepsy, surgical removal of the adrenal gland, hypogonadism, age, drugs, and SSRIs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes Viagra for erectile dysfunction. Treatments are also being developed for rapid ejaculation, female orgasmic dysfunction, and lack of sexual desire. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to explaining dysfunction that looks at the interactions of biological, psychological, and sociological factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slang term for a throbbing ache that occurs when there is arousal, but no orgasm. Myotonia and vasocongestion may take an hour or more to dissipate. Persistent pelvic vasocongestion. May be relieved through masturbation or intercourse. Occurs in both sexes. Not an excuse to pressure or coerce someone into sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| May play a role in the selection of sex partners. Homosexuals may produce axillary odours that can be distinguished from those of heterosexuals. Gay males are most likely to be attracted the body odours of other gay males. Heterosexual males are least likely to be attracted to the body odours of gay males. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the University of British Columbia. With colleagues, reviewed studies on the impact of marijuana on sexuality. Found that it facilitates sexual desire and heightens sexual pleasure among some women. Can facilitate sexual desire and pleasure among men, but may hinder erectile functioning. Effects on sexuality are dose dependent. |
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Term
| Canadian Contraception Study |
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Definition
| About one half of women reported at least one type of three types of sexual difficulties: low sexual desire, painful intercourse, and lack of orgasm during intercourse. Married women (57%) were twice as likely to report low desire as unmarried women (26%). |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgically or chemically castrated men exhibit a decrease in incidence of sexual fantasies and sexual desire, and lose the capacity to attain erection and to ejaculate. However, there is great variation in sexual interest and functioning, with learning and motivation playing a large role. |
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Term
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Definition
| The wrinkled surface area (grey matter) of the cerebrum, the main part of the brain. Plays a key role in sexual functioning. Cells fire when we experience sexual thoughts, images, wishes, or fantasies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscular disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually before or during birth. Characterized by spastic paralysis. Doesn't generally impair sexual interest, capacity for orgasm, or fertility. Depending on nature and degree of muscle spasticity and lack of voluntary muscle control, people with CP may have to adjust sexual activities and positions accordingly. |
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Term
| Clair Salisbury and William Fisher |
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Definition
| In 2013, explored the importance of female orgasm for men and women in sexual reationships. Men believe women need regular orgasms to be satisfied, and that women feel that pleasure is important to their satisfaction. Women not having an orgasm was tied to feelings of inadequacy among men. Women reported faking orgasms in order to please their partners. |
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Term
| Combined-arousal disorder |
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Definition
| A type of female sexual interest/arousal disorder suggested by Rosemary Basson. There is no subjective arousal, and no genital response. |
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Term
| D. Holmberg and K.L. Blair |
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Definition
| In 2009, compared heterosexual, gay, and lesbian couples' responses on a sexual communication scale. Found that levels of sexual communication in couples generally does not differ greatly. |
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Term
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Definition
Ejaculatory incompetence
Male orgasmic disorder
Retarded ejaculation
An orgasmic disorder. May be lifelong or acquired, generalized or situational. Can often ejaculate during masturbation or oral sex, but not during intercourse. Frustrating for both partners. Can be caused by physical factors (multiple sclerosis, neurological damage, drugs), or psychological factors (performance anxiety, sexual guilt, hostility towards their partner). Treatment focuses on increasing sexual stimulation, and reducing performance anxiety; can include sensate-focus exercises. |
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Term
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) |
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Definition
Published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013. The most widely used system of classification for sexual dysfunction is based on it. Conceptualizes problems with sexual function into four basic categories:
1. Sexual desire disorders
2. Sexual arousal disorders
3. Orgasm disorders
4. Sexual pain disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Millions of Canadians live with physical or intellectual disabilities. Often seen as sexless and childlike; these views are based on misconceptions. Some disabilities may call for adjustments to sexual activity. Most people with disabilities have the same sexual needs, feelings, and desires as those without. Research indicates that there is stigma attached to sexuality. Sex education in schools typically does not include or acknowledge information needs. Community resources are improving. Abilities to express needs and feelings depend on physical limitations, how they adjust to disability, and availability of partners. Perhaps the biggest challenge is that society has myths, misconceptions, and negative stereotypes about sexuality and disability. A great impediment of sexual fulfillment is finding a loving and supportive partner; this barrier may decrease as stereotypes of disabled people as undesirable erode. Can prompt couples to explore creative avenues for sexual expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological factor that can cause sexual dysfunction. Prescription drugs such as for blood pressure, illicit drugs such as cocaine, as well as central nervous system depressants such as alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder; a sexual pain-related disorder. Persistent or recurrent pain during sexual activity, including intercourse and any stimulation of the vagina. One of the most common sexual dysfunctions. A common complaint of women seeking gynecological services. Location of pain may vary. Many women are too embarrassed to talk about it, and don't seek treatment. Few doctors and therapists are adequately trained in diagnosis. Researchers at Queen's University developed a vulvageisometer which can measure the severity of sexual pain. Causes may be physical (inadequate lubrication, vaginal infection, STI, allergic reaction, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, structural disorders), or psychological (unresolved guilt or anxiety, lingering effects of sexual trauma). Treatments can include intervention to identify and treat underyling physical problems which may cause pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 2000, studied 2,000 men and found that erectile dysfunction was connected with a large waist, physical inactivity, too much alcohol consumption, and no alcohol consumption. It may be linked with high cholesterol levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| An element commonly found in individual masturbation approach. The woman and her partner, if she has one, are educated about female sexuality. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the University of Ottawa. Did work on vaginismus, casual sex, and sexual minority women. |
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Term
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Definition
"Giving birth to erotic sensations"
Parts of the body that are especially sensitive to stimulation such as strokes or caresses. Includes primary and secondary erogenous zones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first phase of the sexual response cycle. in the male there is erection, thickening of the scrotal skin, increased size of testes, and elevation of testes and scrotum. In younger men, vasocongestion produces penile erection as early as 3 to 8 seconds after stimulation begins. In the female there is vaginal lubrication, vasocongestion, engorgement of the uterus, and enlargement of breasts. Skin may take on sex flush. Increased myotonia, heart rate, and blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| An element commonly found in individual masturbation approach. Arousal is heightened through use of sexual images, fantasies, and fantasy aids such as erotic books or videos. |
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Term
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Definition
| An orgasmic disorder. Unable to reach orgasm, or difficulty reaching orgasm after what would usually be adequate stimulation. A woman who has orgasms through masturbation but not intercourse does not have female orgasmic disorder. Treatment addresses negative attitudes about sex, and can include Masters and Johnson's couples-oriented approach and individual masturbation approach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Female sex hormones do not appear to play a direct role in determining sexual motivation or response. Unlike other mammals, female humans are sexually responsive during all phases of the menstrual cycle. Sexual responsiveness may be influenced by the presence of circulating androgens. Smaller amounts of androgens does not equal a weaker sex drive compared to men. Removal of the adrenal gland and ovaries is associated with decreased sexual desire. Androgen levels predict sexual interest among teenage girls. |
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Term
| Female sexual interest/arousal disorder |
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Definition
| A sexual desire- and arousal-related disorder. Occurs in women. Absence of sexual desire or arousal. It is a merging of "female hypoactive desire disorder" and "female arousal disorder"; merged because desire and arousal sexual response phases overlap for many women. Can become aroused and orgasm when adequately stimulated, but many have no interest in genital stimulation. Women's sexual response of arousal and desire may not occur in a step-by-step process. Can be lifelong or acquired, and is often situational. Treatments can include: sexuality education, working on relationship problems, artificial lubrication, alprostadil cream, testosterone skin patches, Eros device that creates gentle suction over the clitoris, and Viagra. |
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Term
| G.Brock, E.D. Moreira, D.B. Glasser, and C. Gingell |
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Definition
| In 2006, did a survey of 40 to 80-year old Canadians. Found that 23% of men experienced rapid ejaculation, and 16% had problems with erection. 30% of women reported lack of interest in sex, and 24% reported difficulties with vaginal lubrication. 75% of those with sexual function problems had not sought help from health professionals. Another study found that 49% of men expereicned some form of erectile dysfunction. |
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Term
| Generalized sexual dysfunction |
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Definition
| A sexual dysfunction which occurs in all situations. |
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Term
| Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder |
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Definition
| A sexual pain-related disorder. It is a merging of a variety of female sexual pain dysfunctions. Includes dyspareunia and vaginismus. |
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Term
| Guy Grenier and Sandra Byers |
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Definition
| From the University of New Brunswick. In 2001, studied the ejaculatory behaviour of a community sample of men. Men reported that intercourse typically lasted about 8 minutes before ejaculation, and 23% said they had problems with premature ejaculation. In 2003, did a study of 52 New Brunswick couples, where they compared men's and women's reports of men's ejaculatory behaviour; there was only moderate agreement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sounds can be turn-ons or turn-offs. Can include talking dirty, or music. |
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Term
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Definition
1929 - 1995
A prominent sex therpist, and author of several professional books (1974, 1987) on sex therapy. Developed Kaplan's three stages of sexual response. In 1974, suggested that the label "premature" be applied to cases in which men persistently or recurrently lack voluntary control over their ejaculations; may sound like a contradiction in terms, given that ejaculation is a reflex. Combined sex therapy with psychoanalytic methods; saw sexual dysfunctions as having immediate causes and remote causes. Focused on improving a couple's sexual communication, eliminating performance anxiety, and fostering sexual skills and knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance secreted by a ductless endocrine gland that regulates various body functions. Sex hormones released at puberty cause flowering of secondary sex characteristics. Regulate various body functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition marked by abnormally low levels of testosterone production. An endocrine disorder. Generally there is loss of sexual desire and decline in sexual activity; evidence of the relationship between hormonal levels and male sexuality. Erectile difficulty is common. |
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Term
| Individual masturbation approach |
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Definition
| A treatment for female orgasmic disorder. The following elements are commonly found: education, self-exploration, self-massage, self-permission, fantasy, a vibrator, and partner involvement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth level of the PLISSIT model, used only if the first three levels are unsuccessful in solving the problem. A more intense form of sex therapy may be required; a therapist who doesn't specialise in sex therapy will refer the client to someone with advanced training in treating sexual dysfunctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 2001, found that testosterone levels among teenaged boys predicted sexual interest, masturbation rates, and likelihood of engaging in sexual intercourse. |
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Term
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Definition
1929 - 2005
In 1976, developed the PLISSIT model which is used by many therapists to address the sexual concerns of clients. The model allows health professionals to differentiate between sexual problems that can be resolved through basic education and counselling, and problems that require intensive or specialized sex therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An urologist. In 1956, developed the stop-start method for treating premature ejaculation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative approach to enhancing female sexuality. A significant minority of women do not find sex satisfying, even though the mechanics of sexual response are working. Some comment that sex is boring, dry, and unemotional. Eastern techniques, with origins in the Kama Sutra, might provide some of the spiritual dimensions to sex that traditional Western approaches lack. |
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Term
| Kaplan's three stages of sexual response |
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Definition
| Developed by Helen Singer Kaplan. A three-stage model consisting of desire, excitement, and orgasm. Based on clinical work. Designates desire as a separate phase of sexual response. |
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Term
| Kenneth Mah and Yitzchak Binik |
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Definition
| In 2002, asked men and women to rate adjectives describing orgasms they had experienced during masturbation and with a sex partner. Found two dimensions: sensory (building, flooding, flushing, spurting, and throbbing sensations, and general spasms), and emotional (pleasurable satisfaction, relaxation, emotional intimacy, and ecstasy). Found that women experienced different orgasm types: partnered and solitary. |
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Term
| Lifelong sexual dysfunction |
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Definition
| A sexual dysfunction that a person has had all their life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of structures active in memory, motivation, and emotion. Form a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum. Plays a key role in sexual functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second level of the PLISSIT model. Some sexual problems are rooted in myths or misinformation about sexuality. Providing a limited amount of correct information is often key in resolving a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the University of British Columbia. Does work on women's sexual health and sexual difficulties. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the University of New Brunswick. A sex researcher. Doing work on health outcomes in adolescents, and sexual dysfunction in young people. |
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Term
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Definition
Erectile dysfunction
A sexual arousal-related disorder. Persistent difficulty getting or maintaining an erection sufficient to allow the man to engage in or complete sexual activity. In most cases, failure is limited to sexual activity with partners or with some partners and not others (situational). Some men can attain erections, but not sustain them. Incidence increases with age. Occasional problems are common, and may be caused by fatigue, too much alcohol, and anxiety over impressing a new partner. An isolated experiene can become a persistent problem if the man fears it will happen again. Causes can be psychological (performance anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship problems) or biological (diabetes, heart disease, and other medical disorders). Treatments can include: oral medications (Viagra, Levitra, Cialis), hormone treatments, vascular penis surgery, penile implants, penile injections, penile suppositories, and a pump held over the penis to increase blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexual desire-related disorder. Occurs in men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Male sex hormones influence sex drive and sexual response. Evidence of the role of hormones is found among men whose testosterone levels have declined. At puberty, hormonal variation plays a more direct role in stimulating sexual interest and activity in males. |
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Term
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Definition
With colleagues, in 2011, found that sexual wellness for people with disabilities, as for all people, invovled five factors:
1. Positive sexual self-concept; seeing oneself as valuable sexually and as a person
2. Knowledge about sexuality
3. Positive, productive relationships
4. Ability to cope with social, environmental, physical, and emotional barriers to sexuality
5. Maintenance of a good general and sexual health, within personal limitations |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychoactive drug. Facilitates desire and heightens sexual pleasure among some women. Can facilitate desire and pleasure among men, but may hinder erectile functioning. Effects are dose-dependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Did a TED takl about orgasms. |
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Term
| Masters and Johnson method |
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Definition
| A treatment for female orgasmic disorder developed by William Masters and Virginia E. Johnson. Developed with heterosexual couples; uncertain how well it applies to same-sex couples. Sensate-focused exercises and specific daily homework assignments to help couples overcome particular sexual dysfunctions. Recommends a training position that gives the man access to his partner's breasts and genitals. Couples begin intercourse after about 10 days of treatment, in a position with the woman on top. Anxiety and resentment are aired, but the focus is on behavioural change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to other women's sweat can modify a woman's menstrual cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| With colleagues, conducted ground-breaking research demonstrating that sexual arousal patterns vary by gender and sexual orientation. Arousal was strongest in response to watching a video of sexual intercourse, and weakest for nude exercise. The gender of the actor was far more important for men, whereas level of sexual activity was more important for women. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative approach to enhancing female sexuality. Non-judgemental, present-moment awareness. Has recently been incorporated into treatments for women with disorders of desire and arousal. Treatment began with instructions about being mindful in their nonsexual lives. Heart of mindfulness is the body scan exercise; attending to sensations in specific parts of the body. Other body-focused mindfulness exercises include: focusing, self-observation, self-observation and touch, and self-observation and touch with a sexual goal. Studies have found mindfulness-based sex therapy significantly improves sexual response and reduces sexual distress. |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more additional orgasms following the first, occurring within a short period of time, before the body has returned to its pre-plateau level of arousal. Women can maintain a high level of arousal and experience orgasms in rapid succession, because they do not have a refractory period. In a study of 720 nurses, 435 reported experiening multiple orgasms, often ocurring with vibrator use applied to the clitoris. Women reported orgasms experienced with vibrators to be more intense than other kinds. Some men report multiple orgasms without ejaculation ("dry orgasm") occurring without a refractory period, prior to an ejaculatory orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle tension
Experienced early in the sexual response cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influencing the type of behaviour that is expresed. Includes mating behaviours in lower animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are three listed in the DSM-5: female orgasmic disorder, delayed ejaculation, and premature ejaculation. Involve problems related to orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third phase of the sexual response cycle. In the male, there are two stages of muscular contraction; there is a sense of pleasure, related to strength of contractions and amount of seminal fluid; the first 3 to 4 contractions are the most intense and occur at 0.8 second intervals, and the next 2 to 4 ocur at a slower pace. In the female, orgasm is comprised of 3 to 15 contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vaginal barrel; first contractions occur at 0.8 second intervals, followed by 3 to 6 weaker, slower contractions; spacing of contractions is more variable than in men. Muscles throughout the body spasm, blood pressure and heart rate peak, and respiration increases to 40 breaths per minute. Studies suggest that male and female orgasms may feel quite similar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickening of the walls of the outer one-third of the vagina, due to vasocongestion. Occurs during plateau phase of the sexual response cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical removal of the ovaries. Sometimes carried out when hysterectomy is performed. Women no longer produce female sex hormones, but may continue to experience sex drive and interests as before. May experience vaginal dryness. |
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Term
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Definition
| An element commonly found in individual masturbation approach. After the woman is capable of regularly achieving orgasm through masturbation, the focus may shift to her sexual relationship with her partner. She can teach per partner how to stimulate her in ways that enable her to reach orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Orgasm that occurred as a result of partnered activity. For women, involves more flushing sensations, general spasm, pleasurable satisfaction, emotional intimacy, and ecstasy than solitary orgasms. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 2003, expressed opposition to the medicalization of female sexuality, and argued that other factors are involved in sexual dysfuntion including intimacy and relationship issues. Developed an innovative approach to sex therapy, which focuses on personal growth and enhancing sexual relationships and erotic potential. With colleauges, in 2008, interviewed people who reported experiencing "great sex"; many were over 60, some had been in relationships for more than 25 years. Eight components emerged: being present, focused, and embodied; conncetion, or being in sync; deep sexual and erotic intimacy; extraordinary communication and heightened empathy; authenticity; transcedence and transformation; exploration and interpersonal risk taking; and vulnerability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anxiety concering one's ability to perform behaviours, especially behaviours that may be evaluated by other people. Can occur regarding ability to have an erection, and this anxiety can contribute to to repeated difficulty in gaining and maintaining an erection, resulting in a vicious circle of anxiety and erection problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first level of the PLISSIT model. The therapist gives the client permission to talk about sexuality and personal concerns, and ofen asks exploratory questions to bring out relevant issues, and to put the client at ease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances that are secreted externally by certain animals. Convey information to, or produce specific responses in other members of the same species. Odourless chemicals that animals detect through the vomeronasal gland. Garnering attention in recent years. Considered to have an impact on sexual attraction. |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual wellness for people with physical disabilities involves five factors:
1. Positive sexual self concept; seeing oneself as valuable sexually, and as a person
2. Knowledge about sexuality
3. Positive, productive relationships
4. Ability to cope with social, environmental, physical, and emotional barriers to sexuality
5. Maintenance of good general and sexual health, within personal limitations |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception that consumption of a substance results in an effect, even though the substance does not contain properties that cause the effect to occur. Aphrodisiacs are subject to the placebo effect; a person who consumes a supposed aphrodisiac and feels sexually aroused may attribute the turn-on to the effects of the substance, when in reality it has no direct physiological effect on physical desire or arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seond phase of the sexual response cycle. Characterized by increased vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure, and rapid breathing in preparation for orgasm. Level of arousal remains somewhat constant, but nevertheless an advanced stage of arousal. Myotonia may cause facial grimaces. In the male, the coronal ridge increases in size, the glans turns purplish, testes further elevate, and the Cowper's glands excrete a few drops of fluid from the tip of the penis. In the female the uterus becomes fully elevated, the clitoris shortens and withdraws beneath the clitoral hood, there is sex skin, and vasocongestion swells tissues of the outer one-third of the vagina, contracting the vaginal opening, forming the orgasmic platform. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Jack S. Annon in 1976. Consists of four escalating levels: permission (P), limited information (LI), specific suggestions (SS), and intensive therapy (IT). |
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Term
| Premature ejaculation (PE) |
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Definition
Early ejaculation
Rapid ejaculation
A sexual dysfunction in which ejaculation occurs with minimal sexual stimulation, and before the man desires it. Ejaculation is too quick to permit the partner or themselves to fully enjoy sexual relations. Degree of rapidity varies. Most men ejaculate just before or after penetration. Prevalence varies, depending on how it is defined. Some argue that focus should be on whether the couple is satisfied with duration, not timing. Treatments can include: sensate-focus exercises, biological treatments such as serotonin, squeeze technique, and stop-start method. Emphasis is being placed on biological treatments, such as clomipramine, which is used to treat schizophrenia because it impacts neurotransmitters, and SSRIs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Erogenous zones that are particularly sensitive because they are richly endowed with nerve endings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological and social factors in the biopsychosocial model of explaining dysfunction. For sexual dysfunction, includes: depression, anxiety, history of sexual abuse or sexual assault, cultural influences, economic problems, psychosexual traumas, dissatisfaction with relationship, lack of sexual skill, irrational beliefs, and performance anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be combined with sex therapy. A powerful tool for enhancing relationships and sex lives. Many sex therapists can use both to help couples learn to share power, improve sexual communication, and negotiate differences. May be used to treat sexual desire-related disorders. |
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Term
| R. Blanchard and H.E. Barbaree |
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Definition
| Canadian researchers. In 2008, showed that regardless of the reason for castration, men who have been surgically or chemically castrated usually exhibit a gradual decrease in incidence of sexual fantasies and sexual desire, as well as capacity to attain erection and ejaculate. Indicates that testosterone is important in maintaining sexual functioning and drive in males. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology at Queen's University. Extensively reviewed the scientific evidence concerning sexual enhancement of such substances as ginseng, Spanish fly, yohimbine, chocolate, saw palmetto, and alcohol. Concluded that there is little evidence from literature to recommend use of natural aphrodisiacs for enhancement of sexual desire and/or performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time following a response (orgasm) when an individual no longer responds to sexual stimulation. Occurs in men; they are physiologically incapable of experiencing another orgasm or ejaculation. May last only minutes in adolescent males, whereas for men aged 50 and over it may last from several minutes to days. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, following orgasm. The body gradually returns to its pre-aroused state. Muscle tension dissipates within 5 minutes. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration return to pre-arousal levels. There is a relaxed and satiated feeling. In the male, there is loss of erection in two stages, and a refractory period. In females, there is release of blood from engorged areas, the clitoris, vaginal barrel, uterus, and labia gradually shrink to pre-aroused size, and sex flush lightens gradually. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the University of Guelph. In 2004, analyzed factors that inhibit or enhance sexual arousal among university students. Found a number that are common to both sexes. Arousal could be enhanced by a partner's positive characteristics, varied sex, and anticipation of sexual encounters. Arousal was inhibited by a partners' self-consciousness, lack of balance in giving and receiving in sex, and worries about various issues. Women were more aroused by their partner's positive characteristics, feeling emotionally connected, trusting their partners, feeling partners were sensitive to their needs, and hormones. Women were more inhibited by possible sexual violence and exploitation, and were concerned about sexual performance. Men were more aroused by specific sexual stimuli. |
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| From British Columbia Centre for Sexual Medicine at Vancouver General Hospital. In 2000, expressed opposition to the medicalization of female sexuality, and argues that other factors are involved in sexual dysfunction including intimacy and relationship issues. In 2004, said that most women with sexual arousal-related disorders experience little or no subjective arousal or excitement, and may be categorized into combined-arousal disorders and subjective-arousal disorders. Developed Basson's intimacy model of female sexual response in 2008. Argues that it is especially relevant for women in long-term relationships. In 2010, suggested that women can lead active, satisfying sex lives without ongoing or frequent feelings of desire between sexual engagement with partners. |
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| Conducted a survey in 2006 that found that 30% of men in their 40s, a little over 40% in their 50s, and 65% in their 60s have some degree of erectile dysfunction. |
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Definition
| In 1988, reported that parents with adolescent daughters who have a disability may become overprotective. |
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Definition
| Parts of the body that become erotically sensitized through experience. |
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| Secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| Physical traits that differentiate males from females, but are not directly involved in reproduction. Triggered by release of sex hormones at puberty. In males, includes lengthening of the vocal cords, and growth of facial and pubic hair. In females, includes rounding of breasts and hips with fatty tissues and growth of pubic hair. |
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| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
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Definition
| A biological factor that can cause sexual dysfunction. Most anti-depressants impair sexual arousal, especially in older patients. Some can be prescribed along with SSRIs to prevent side effects. |
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| An element commonly found in individual masturbation approach. Encouraged as a way of increasing the woman's sense of body awareness. She may hold a mirror between her legs to locate sexual anatomic features. |
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| An element commonly found in individual masturbation approach. The woman creates a private, relaxing seting, and begins to explore the sensitivity of her body to touch, discovering and repeating the caresses she finds pleasurable. |
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Definition
| An element commonly found in individual masturbation approach. The woman may be advised to challenge lingering guilt and anxiety about sex and self-pleasure. She might reassure herself that experiencing sexual pleasure is natural and positive. |
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Definition
| Exercises in which sexual partners take turns giving and receiving pleasurable stimulation in non-genital areas. May be assigned as daily sexual homework, performed in the privacy of the couple's room. May be used to treat sexual desire- and arousal-related disorders, as well as delayed and premature ejaculation. |
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Definition
| A rosy reddish rash that appears on the chest or breasts late in the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle. Varies with intensity of arousal. More pronounced in women. |
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Definition
| The reddened skin of the labia minora during the plateau phase of the sexual reponse cycle. A deep wine colour in women who have borne children, and bright red in women who have not. |
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Definition
| The provinces do not regulate the use of the term, so it is important to find a sex therapist who is a member of a recognized profession, such as psychology, social work, medicine, or marriage and family counselling, and has training and supervision in sex therapy. Contact your university or college psychology department, health department, counselling centre, medical psychological association, marriage and family therapy association, or a family physician. |
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Definition
| A collecive term for behavioural models for treating sexual dysfunctions. The most common models are cognitive and behavioural. Aims to modify dysfunctional cognitions and behaviours, change self-defeating beliefs and attitudes, enhance knowledge, improve sexual communication, teach sexual skills, and reduce performance anxiety. Usually involves both partners. Gender-sensitive practice analyzes gender issues facing both men and women. Can be combined with psychotherapy. |
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Term
| Sexual arousal-related disorder |
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Definition
| There are two listed in the DSM-5: erectile disorder and female sexual interst/arousal disorder. Involve problems with sexual arousal and vasocongestion. Failure to achieve or sustain erection or lubrication necessary to facilitate activity. Lack the subjective feelings of sexual pleasure and excitement that normally accompany sexual arousal. Sexual arousal is complex. Causes may be physical (neurological, vascular, or hormonal problems), or psychological (anger or resentment, lack of interest in partner, nonsexual relationship conflicts). Treatments can include encouragement to relax and receive stimulation without anxiety inhibiting natural reflexes; this works as long as the problem is psychological, and not organically based. Non-genital sensate-focus exercises remove demand. |
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Definition
| A sexual desire-related disorder. Aversion to sexual contact. Can be caused by history of trauma. Treatments can include: biological medication to reduce anxiety, psychological treatment, couples therapy, sensate-focus exerises, and behavioural exercises. |
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Definition
| The degree to which actual genital response and self-reported sexual arousal correspond with each other. Male genital response is measured by degree of penile erection. Female genital response is measured by genital vasocongestion. Subjective arousal is measured with questionnaires or interviews. Men tend to have a higher degree of sexual concordance. Suggested explanations are that women may not be aware of physical arousal, may be vaguely aware of physical arousal, may be aware of physical sensations but not define them as sexual, or may interpret arousal as sexual but not experience the sensations as enjoyable. |
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| Sexual desire-related disorder |
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Definition
| There are two listed in the DSM-5: female sexual interest/arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Involve lack of interest in sex, and sexual aversion. The most common complaint related to sexual functioning. Differing sex drives between men and women may play a role. Treatments can include: self-stimulation exercises, erotic fantasies, sensate-focus exercises, enhancing communication, expanding repertoire of sexual skills, and psychotherapy. |
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Definition
| A persistent or recurrent difficulty with a lack of sexual desire or arousal, or difficulty reaching orgasm. Many, if not all, people experience some type of sexual problem from time to time. We don't have precise figures on prevalence. General estimate is based on review of surveys around the world. General estimate is 40% of women and 25% of men report experiencing at least one sexual dysfunction. Rates vary based on samples and measures used. In a natural survey of people between 40 and 64, more than half of people were often too tired for sex, 42% were too stressed, and 40% didn't have time. Many, if not most, Canadians who experience sexual difficulties do not seek help. In order for a sexual problem to be diagnosed as a dysfunction, it must have occurred for 6 months or more, happen 75 - 100% of the time, and cause the person significant distress; exceptions are caused by medications/substances. Classified as lifelong or acquired, and generalized or situational. A combination of medical treatments and talk therapy is often more effective than medicine alone. |
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Term
| Sexual pain-related disorder |
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Definition
| There is one listed in the DSM-5: genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder. Involves pain during sexual activity. Includes dyspareunia, vaginismus, and vulvodynia. Less common in men, generally associated with genital infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Masters and Johnson's model of sexual response. Consists of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. The sequence of changes that take place as a person becomes progressively more aroused. |
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| Sheila MacNeil and E. Sandra Byers |
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Definition
| Canadian researchers. In 2009, examined how communicating sexual likes and dislikes can contribute to greater sexual satisfaction within long-term relationships. |
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Definition
| Visual cues can be sexual turn-ons. Men appear to be more sensitive to visual stimuli than women, but women also respond to visual stimuli. Common visual stimulation can include having sex in front of a mirror or video camera, and sexually explicit media. Men appear to be more interested in visual erotica. |
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Definition
1856 - 1939
Proposed that there were two types of female orgasm: clitoral and vaginal. Until Masters and Johnson published their laboratory findings, many people believed this. In fact, most women report needing clitoral stimulation to reach orgasm. Critiqued as a heterosexist. |
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Term
| Situational sexual dysfunction |
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Definition
| A sexual dysfunction which occurs only in some situations. |
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Definition
| Plays a lesser role in governing sexual arousal in humans than in lower animals. Our body's natural odours can play a role in sexual attraction and arousal. |
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Definition
| Orgasms that occurred as a result of masturbation. For women, involve greater feelings of relaxation than partnered orgasms. |
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| Sophie Bergeron and Yitzchak Binik |
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Definition
| Canadian and American researchers. Conducted studies examining the effectiveness of three treatment programs for dyspareunia: cognitive-behavioural therapy, biofeedback, and surgery. Found that each resulted in pain reduction, were equally successful in improving psyhological adjustment, and were successful at improving sexual function. Some women assigned to surgery treatment refused to go ahead with treatment. Follow-up study indicated that gains were still maintained for each intervention. |
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Term
| Specific suggestions (SS) |
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Definition
| The third level of the PLISSIT model. Once the basic nature of a sexual problem is identified, the therapist provides suggestions to help resolve it. The client may be encouraged to read books about sexual enhancement, such as sex manuals, or watch instructional sex videos. |
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Definition
| A method for treating premature ejaculation. The tip of the penis is squeezed to temporarily prevent ejaculation. Used after the partner teases the man to erection, and he indicates that he is about to ejaculate. Widely used, but there is little research to demonstrate its effectiveness, especially with severe cases. |
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Definition
| A psychoactive drug. Includes amphetamines, cocaine, and crystal methamphetamine. Reputed to heighten arousal and sensations of orgasm. May increase levels of arousal by increasing levels of dopamine. New users report enhanced sexual experiences. Continued use often results in diminished sexual feeling. |
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Definition
| A treatment for premature ejaculation. Developed by James Semans. The partner stimulates the penis until the man is about to ejaculate, at which point he signals for his partner to stop, allowing arousal to subside before stimulation is resumed. Can be applied to manual stimulation or intercourse. Widely used, but there is little research to demonstrate its effectiveness, especially with severe cases. |
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Term
| Subjective-arousal disorder |
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Definition
| A type of female sexual interest/arousal disorder suggested by Rosemary Basson. Aware that genitals respond physically to simulation, but feels no subjective arousal. |
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Definition
In 2005, conducted an online survey of 236 women aged 17 to 24 at University of Guelph. Found that 75% felt sexually frustrated at least some of the time, and 9% felt frustrated often. The most frustrating situations reported were:
1. Lack of orgasm during intercourse
2. Unaffectionate partners
3. Unavailability of partners
4. Refusal of partners to have sex |
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Definition
| Some people are sexually aroused by the taste of genital secretions. This may be biologically arousing, or learned. |
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| A genito-pelvic/penetration disorder; a sexual pain-related disorder. Involuntary contraction of the pelvic muscles surrounding the outer one-third of the vaginal barrel, preventing or making penetration painful. Avoidance of penetration seems to be a key factor in differentiating it from dyspareunia. Occurs reflexively during attempts at vaginal penetration, making entry of a penis, finger, dildo, tampon, or any object difficult or impossible. Some believe it is caused by fear of penetration, rather than physical injury or defect. Psychological factors include history of sexual trauma, sexual assault, and botched abortion resulting in vaginal injury. May be caused by or lead to dyspareunia. Some proposed that it be reconceptualised as either an aversion to vaginal penetration or a genital pain disorder. These distinctions are important in suggesting different courses of treatment. Treatments include behavioural exercises in which plastic vaginal dilators of increasing size are inserted to help relax vaginal musculature; the woman controls pace of treatment. After dilators, fingers or a penis or dildo can be used. Psychological treatment for sexual trauma may be needed, if this is the root cause. |
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Definition
| Swelling of genital tissues with blood, which causes erection of the penis and engorgement of the area surrounding the vaginal opening, as well as breasts, during sexual arousal. Experienced early in the sexual response cycle. People with arousal related disorders fail to achieve or sustain erection or lubrication necessary to facilitate sexual activity. |
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Definition
| An element commonly found in individual masturbation approach. Millions of women use vibrators during solo masturbation, or with partners. May provide more intense stimulation, and can be useful for women seeking to reach orgasm more easily. |
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Definition
| A sexual pain-related disorder. A gynecological condition characterized by vulval pain, particularly a chronic burning sensation, itching, irritation, and soreness. Affects up to 16% of women. |
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| William Fisher and Michael Sand |
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Definition
| From Western University. In 2007, conducted a study to see how closely women felt their own sexual experienes corresponded to the models of sexual response proposed by Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, and Basson. Sample consisted of 133 nurses living in the USA. Almost equal proportions selected each model. |
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Term
| William Masters and Virginia E. Johnson |
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Definition
1915 - 2001; 1925 - 2013
In 1966, found that the physiological responses of men and women to sexual stimulation via intercourse, masturbation, or other sources, are quite alike. Developed the sexual response cycle. Reported that most, if not all, women are capable of multiple orgasm. Found that some women experienced 20 or more consecutive orgasms by masturbating. Found only one type of female orgasm, physiologically speaking, regardless of whether stimulation was clitoral or vaginal; all orgasms involve spasmodic contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vaginal barrel, leading to release of sexual tension. Pioneered the use of direct behavioural approaches to treating sexual dysfuntion. A therapy team. Focused on the couple as the unit of treatment during a two-week residential program. Considered the couple dysfunctional, not the individuals. Preferred working with cases of anorgasmia. Developed the Masters and Johnson method. |
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Definition
| With colleagues, in 1998, asked heterosexual men to wear a suspected male pheromone, and a control group wear a placebo. Men wearing the pheromone increased frequency of sexual intercourse with female partners, but had no increase in frequency of masturbation. |
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Definition
| In 2005, suggested that every cause of dyspareunia has both a physiological and psychological component. Found that women with dyspareunia have lower tolerance for pain in other areas of their bodies. Suggested a generalized hypersensitivity to pain. Women who believe pain is due to psychological causes report higher levels of pain and more sexual problems than those who attribute pain to physical causes. For many women, pain cannot totally be eliminated, but coping strategies can be taught. |
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Definition
| A questionnaire examining the most and least common reasons for having sex. There was a sample of 1,549 undergraduate students. The most common reasons for sex were: feelings of attraction, desire for physical pleasure, expressing feelings of love, feeling desired by the partner, desire to deepen the relationship, novel experience, celebration of special occasion, opportunity, and seeming to "just happen". The least common reasons were to hurt their partners, to get a job or promotion, to be more popular, to get rid of a headache or cramps, or because of pressure or sense of duty. Men reported more physical reasons, bragging rites, purposes of "conquest", and enhancing social status among other men. Women reported more reasons related to expressing love. Among sexual minority women, most common reasons were for pleasure, physical desirability, and expressing love for their partner. |
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