Term
| Postural control develops simultaneously with what 2 systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| Control of posture is essential for what 2 things? |
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Definition
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Term
| Emerges during development, from interaction of neural and musculoskeletal systems, determined by task and environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Development of postural control is due to interactions among neural and musculoskeletal systems, including (6) |
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Definition
1. Changes in musculoskeletal system
2. Development of neuromuscular synergies used for balance
3. Development of sensory systems
4. Development of sensory strategies for organizing multiple inputs
5. Development of internal mapping of perception to action
6. Development of adaptive and anticipatory mechanisms |
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Term
| Development of postural control generally follows what path? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the order in which postural control occurs from first to last. |
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Definition
Head Control
Upper Trunk Control
Sitting Upright
Standing with support
Standing without support |
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Term
| Within the first few days of life, what will the child start to orient to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Children will react to __ __ when 3 days old |
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Definition
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Term
| __ neural networks for "visual proprioception" functioning at birth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Early sitters freeze DOF and gradually free DOF with experience in static sitting. Name the 3 stages. |
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Definition
1. Variability in movement and only holding head upright (4-5.5 mo)
2. Freeze DOF and able to sit 10-30 seconds (5-6.5 mo)
3. Independent sitting master and able to increase adaptability (6-8 mo) |
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Term
| __ __ (in response to perturbation) are present but variable/not reliable at 1 month, accurate/refined by the time of independent sitting (6-8 mo) |
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Definition
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Term
| Infants rely heavily on vision and learn to scale and map visual sensations with postural activity, with experience begin to rely on somatosensory inputs |
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Definition
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Term
| Take away vision, somatosensory and vestibular can elicit a response |
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Definition
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Term
| With practice, infants more often show complete postural responses, and more often can modulate responses __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 things that are different in standing vs. sitting. |
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Definition
1. Decreased stability limits
2. More joints (DOF) to control |
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Term
| When will children have sufficient strength to stand? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age will children begin to build synergies from ankle up, when tehy begin to pull-to-stand |
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Definition
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Term
| __ inputs elicit postural responses 5 mo, earlier (developmentally) than somatosensory inputs |
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Definition
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Term
| Infants are ___ to adapt inappropriate visual responses (moving room) with repeated trials |
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Definition
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Term
| Independent walkers (what age?) can sense increasingly unstable surfaces, hold on to support |
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Definition
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Term
| __ year olds have active control of hip strategy |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 effects that practice has on postural control in stance. |
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Definition
1. Improves use of and organization of postural muscle responses
2. Effects limited for latency of response by neural maturation/myelination |
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Term
| Name 2 reasons why children are less stable than adults. |
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Definition
1. COM at T12
2. Young children sway faster and with greater amplitude in stance |
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Term
Amplitude of sway decreases with age. Adult like by __ yo (eyes open)
or ___ yo (eyes closed) |
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Definition
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Term
| Velocity of sway decreases with age and is adult-like by what age? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Younger children ___ mo, responses are more variable and slower (delayed response time), last longer, greater amplitude of sway to perturbed stance. |
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Definition
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Term
| With perturbed stance there is __ at 4-6 years old (responses slower and more variable) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 reasons for regression for perturbed stance at 4-6 yo |
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Definition
1. Period of rapid growth, changes in body form
2. Likely related to changes in nervous system |
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Term
| Younger children use multiple __ __ (over and under shoot) vs older chilren (>7 yo) and adults (rapid, large torques) |
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Definition
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Term
| Young children (<3 yo) rely heavily on __ even though it is not required. |
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Definition
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Term
| Under 7 yo, children are unable to maintain stance with only __ info |
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Definition
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Term
| Under 7 yo, there is a reduced ability to solve __ conflicts (in presence of unreliable input from 1 or more senses) |
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Definition
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Term
| At this age a child is able to sit independently, and have relatively adult-like reaching. They can activate postural muscles in advance of reaching most of the time. |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age do children show progressive improvement in advanced activation of postural muscles when reaching in stance. |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age are childrens anticipatory responses adult-like in stance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Many tasks involve postural and cognitive attentional demands. Children < __ yo show greater deterioration of performance in dual-task situations. |
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Definition
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