Term
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Definition
| center of mass over base of support |
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Term
| Importance of Postural Control |
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Definition
precursor for walking, reaching eating, bathing
- foundation for all functional taks |
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Term
| Reflex Theory/Hierarchical Model |
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Definition
- development of postural control determined by NS and emergence and subsequent integration of reflexes
- cephalocaudal manner |
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Term
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Definition
| Postural control results from many factors: biomechanical, sensory, , sensory strategies, motor coordination, anticipatory strategies, environment and practice, perceptual schema |
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Term
| Factors that affect Development of Postural Control |
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Definition
1) Biomechanical Constraints
2) Sensory System Function
3) Developing Strategies for Managing Sensory Conflict
4) Developing Automatic Postural Responses
5) Development of Anticipatory Strategies |
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Term
| Biomechanical Constraints |
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Definition
- Relative length/mass of body (big head)
- early walkers: relatively high frequency of postural sway with large arcs of motion (young children sway faster and closer to their limits of stability)
-- sway amplitude is more variable in young children and decreases with age from 2-14
- spontaneous sway reaches adult values with eyes open 9-12, eyes close 12-15
- significant improvement in static balance between 6-10 (most pronounced 6-8) |
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Term
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Definition
VISION:
- infancy: newborns can orient to a visual stimulus and can track by turning head if head is supported, VISUALLY DEPENDENT, vision is important for infant to obtain vertical orientation
OPTICAL FLOW PATTERN: evoke postural responses in both children and adults
-- LVS (looming visual stimulus) promote reactions more than lateral moving stimuli
-- 2 mo: infant shows directionally appropriate neck muscle activity to LVS, 5 mo: postural responses can be detected in supported stance to LVS, 11-16 mo ant/post sway responses to LVS observed in unsupported sitting, 13-17 mo in sitting excessive sway and loss of balance in standing excessive sway and fall
--SOT 5 children 4-6 sway more than 7-10 yr olds
-- 6-7 yrs switch from visual dependenct to reliance on somatosensory
VESTIBULA and SOMATOSENSORY:
- 4 mo make appropriate postural responses when tilted with vision occluded, 7-10 mo inconsistent directionally appropriate leg muscle responses to induced sway, 14-15 mo may regain posture independently in in response to induced sway |
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Term
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Definition
Difficulty ignoring visual input even when correct => increase visual sway in response to LVS
- children <7 cannot balance when both somatosensory and visual cues are removed
- <7 cannot suppress conflicting sensory information and will fall when presented with sensory conflict
- 7-10 yrs SOT becomes similar to adult |
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Term
| Development of Automatic Postural Responses |
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Definition
- emergence of head control (EMG i consistent by 3 mo
- emergence of independent sitting (trunk control): 6-8 mo sit unsupported and can manage ant?post sway perturbations
- transition to independent stance
- refining motor strategies |
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