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Develoment part 2
N\A
89
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/04/2009

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Term
Adolescence
Definition
The transition between childhood and adulthood. Begins with puberty and involves accepting one's full-grown body.
Term
Anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.
Term
Body image
Definition
conception of an attitude toward one's physical appearance.
Term
Bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder in which individuals (mainly females) engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives
Term
Formal operational stage
Definition
Piaget's final stage, in which adolescents develop the capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking. 11
Term
Growth spurt
Definition
Rapid gain in height and weight during adolescence.
Term
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Definition
a formal operational problem-solving strategy in which adolescents start with a hypotheses or prediction about variables that might possible affect an outcome
Term
Imaginary audience
Definition
adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern
Term
Menarche
Definition
first menstruation
Term
Personal fable
Definition
adolescents' belief that they are special and unique. Leads them to conclude that others cannot possibly understand their thoughts and feelings and may promote a sense of invulnerability to danger
Term
Primary sexual characteristics
Definition
Physical features that involve the reproductive organs directly (Penis, Vagina, the biggies)
Term
Propositional thought
Definition
a type of formal operation reasoning in which adolescents evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances
Term
Puberty
Definition
biological changes at adolescence that lead to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity
Term
Secondary sexual characteristics
Definition
features visible on the outside of the body that serves as signs of sexual maturity but do not involve the reproductive organs
Term
Secular trend
Definition
a change in body size, pubertal timing or other aspect of development from one generation to the next
Term
Spermarche
Definition
first ejaculation
Term
Autonomous morality
Definition
piaget's second stage of moral development in which children view rules as flexible, socially agreed on principles that can be revised when necessary. starts age 10
Term
Autonomy
Definition
at adolescence a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual. involves relying more on oneself and less on parents for direction and guidance and engaging in careful, well reasoned decision making
Term
Bicultural identity
Definition
the identity constructed by adolescents who explore and adopt values from both their subculture and the dominant culture
Term
Clique
Definition
a group of about five to seven members who are good friends and therefore resemble one another in family backgrounds attitudes and values
Term
Conventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's second level of moral development in which moral understanding is based on conforming to social rules to ensure positive human relationships and societal order
Term
Crowd
Definition
a large loosely organized group consisting of several cliques with similar normative characteristics
Term
Ethnic identity
Definition
an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership.
Term
Gender intensification
Definition
increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior. occurs in early adolescence
Term
Heterononmous morality
Definition
Piaget's first stage of moral development in which children view moral rules as permanent features of the external world that are handed down by authorities and cannot be changed. 5-10
Term
Identity
Definition
a well-organized conception of the self made up of values beliefs and goals to which the individual is solidly committed
Term
Identity achievement
Definition
the identity status of individuals who have explored and committed themselves to self-chosen values and goals.
Term
Identity diffusion
Definition
the identity status of individuals who lack both exploration and commitment to self-chosen values and goals
Term
Identity foreclosure
Definition
the identity status of individuals who lack exploration and instead are committed to ready made values and goals that authority figures have chosen for them.
Term
Identity moratorium
Definition
the identity status of individuals who are exploring but are not yet committed to self-cosen values and goals
Term
Identity versus role confusion
Definition
In Erikson's theory the psychological conflict of adolescence which is resolved positively when adolescents attain an identity after a period of exploration and inner soul searching
Term
Moral self-relevance
Definition
the degree to which morality is central to self-concept
Term
Postconventional level
Definition
Kohliberg's highest level of moral development in which individuals define morality in therms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situation and societies
Term
Preconventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's first level of moral development in moral understanding is based on rewards, punishments, and the power of authority figures
Term
Basal metabolic rate
Definition
the amount of energy the body uses at complete rest
Term
Biological ageing or senescence
Definition
genetically influenced age related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species
Term
Cognitive-affective complexity
Definition
a form of thinking that increases steadily from adolescence through early adulthood, peaking in middle age, that involves awareness of positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex organized structure. Involves skillfull integration of cognition with emotion
Term
Commitment within relativistic thinking
Definition
In Perry's theory the cognitive approach of the most mature adults who resist choosing between opposing views and instead try to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions
Term
Cross-linkage theory of aging
Definition
a theory of biological aging asserting that the formation of bonds, or links between normally separate protein fibers causes the body's connective tissue to become less elastic over time, leading to many negative physical consequences
Term
Dualistic thinking
Definition
In Perry's theory the cognitive approach of younger college students who search for absolute truth and therefore divide information values and authority into right and wrong good and bd we and they.
Term
Emerging adulthood
Definition
a new transitional phase of development extending from the late teens to the mid-twenties during which most people have left adolescence but have not yet assumed adult responsibilities. Rather they explore alternative more intensely than they did as teenagers.
Term
Epistemic cognition
Definition
a form of cognition that typically develops in early adulthood that involves reflecting on how we arrived at facts, beliefs and ideas and when necessary revising one's approach in favor of a more balanced adequate route to knowledge
Term
Expertise
Definition
acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor
Term
Fantasy period
Definition
period of vocational development in which young children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them
Term
Free radicals
Definition
naturally occurring highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen and destroy cellular material including DNA Proteins and fats essential for cell functioning
Term
Postformal thought
Definition
cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage
Term
Pragmatic thought
Definition
In Labovie-Vief's theory adult thought in which logic becomes a tool to solve real world problems and inconsistencies and imperfections are accepted
Term
Premenstrual syndrome
Definition
an array of physical and psychological symptoms that usually appear 6 to 10 days prior to menstruation. the most common are abdominal cramps, fluid retention diarrhea, tender breasts, backache, headache, fatigue, tension, irritability, and depression
Term
Realistic thinking
Definition
In Perry's theory the cognitive approach of older college students, who favor multiple truths each relative to its context of evaluation.
Term
Tentative period
Definition
period of vocational development in which adolescents think about careers in more complex ways as first in terms of their interests and as they become more aware of personal and educational requirement of different vocation in terms of their abilities and values
Term
Cohabitation
Definition
the lifestyle of unmarried couples who have an intimate sexual relationship and share a residence
Term
Companionate love
Definition
Love based on warm trust affection and care-giving
Term
Dual-earner marriage
Definition
a family form in which both husband and wife are employed
Term
Egalitarian marriage
Definition
a form of marriage in which husband and wife share power and authority. both try to balance the time and energy they devote to there occupations, their children and their relationship
Term
Family life cycle
Definition
a sequence of phases that characterizes the development of most families around the world. In eary adulthood, peole typically live on theri own, marry and bear and rear children. During middle age their parenting responsiblites diminish, Late adulthood brings retirement, growing old.
Term
Intimacy versus isolation
Definition
In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of early adulthood, which is resolved positively when young adults give up some of their new found independence and make a permanent commitment to an intimate partner
Term
Life structure
Definition
In Levinson's theory, the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time. Consists of relationships with significant others (the most important of which have to do with marriage/family and occupation) that are reorganized during each period of adult development
Term
Loneliness
Definition
Feelings of unhappiness that result from a gap between actual and desired social relationships
Term
Passionate love
Definition
Love based on intense sexual attraction
Term
Social clock
Definition
age-graded expectations for life events, such as beginning a first job, getting married, birth of the first child, buying a home, and retiring
Term
Traditional marriage
Definition
a form of marriage involving clear division of husband's and wife's roles. the main is the head of household and economic provider, the woman devoted herself to caring for her husband and children and creating a nurturant comfortable home
Term
Triangular theory of love
Definition
sternberg's view of love as having three components-intimacy, passion and commitment-that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop
Term
“big five” personality traits
Definition
five basic factors into which hundreds of personality traits have been organized: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness
Term
Burnout
Definition
a condition in which long term job stress leads to mental exhaustion, a sense of loss of personal control, and feelings of reduced accomplishment
Term
Feminization of poverty
Definition
a trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty, regardless of age and ethinic group
Term
Generativity versus stagnation
Definition
In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of midlife, which is resolved positively if the adult can integrate personal goals with the welfare of the larger social environment. the resulting strength is the capacity to give to and guide the net generation
Term
Glass ceiling
Definition
invisible barrier faced by women and ethnic minorities to advancement up the corporate ladder
Term
Kinkeeper
Definition
role assumed b members of the middle generation especially mothers who take responsibilities for gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch
Term
Midlife crisis
Definition
inner turmoil self-doubt and major restructuring of the personality during the transition to middle adulthood. characterizes the experiences of a minority of adults
Term
Parental imperative theory
Definition
a theory that claims that traditional gender roles are maintained during the active parenting years to help ensure the survival of children. After children reach adulthood, parents are free to express the other gender side of their personalities
Term
Possible selves
Definition
future oriented representations of what one hopes to become and is afraid of becoming, the temporal dimension of self-concept
Term
Sandwich generation
Definition
today's middle-aged adults, who are "sandwiched," or squeezed between the needs of ill or frail parents and financially dependent children
Term
Skipped-generation family
Definition
a family structure in which children live with grandparents but apart from parents
Term
Activity theory
Definition
a social theory of age that states that social barriers to engagement not the desires of elders, cause declining rates of social interaction in late adulthood. when older people lose certain roles, they try to find others in an effort to stay about as active and busy as they were in middle age, so as to preserve life satisfaction.
Term
Affect optimization
Definition
the ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion. An emotional strength of late adulthood
Term
Congregate housing
Definition
housing for the elderly that provides a variety of support services, including meas in a common dining room, along with watchful oversight of elders with physical and mental disabilities
Term
Continuity theory
Definition
a social theory of aging that states that in their choice of everyday activities and social relationships, older adults strive to maintain a personal system-an identity and a set of personality dispositions interests roles and skills-that ensures consistency between their past and anticipated future and thus promotes life satisfaction
Term
Dependency-support script
Definition
a typical pattern of interaction in which elders dependency behaviors are attended to immediately thereby reinforcing those behaviors.
Term
Disengagement theory
Definition
a social theory of aging that states that the decline in social interaction in late adulthood is due to mutual withdrawal between elders and society in anticipation of death
Term
Ego integrity versus despair
Definition
In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of late adulthood, which is resolved positively when elders feel whole, complete and satisfied with their achievements, having accepted their life course as something that had to be the way it was
Term
Gerotranscendence
Definition
according to Joan Erikson, a psychosocial stage beyond ego integrity, which characterizes the very old, that involves a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed forward ad outward beyond the self. evident in heightened inner calm and contentment
Term
Independence-ignore script
Definition
a typical pattern of interaction in which elders' independent behaviors are mostly ignored, thereby leading them to occur less often
Term
Life care communities
Definition
housing for the elderly that offers a range of alternatives, from independent, or congregate housing to full nursing home care. For a large initial payment and additional monthly fees, guarantees that elders' needs will be met in one place as they age
Term
Life review
Definition
the process of calling up, reflecting on, and reconsidering past experiences, contemplating their meaning with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding
Term
Reminiscence
Definition
the process of telling stories about people and events from the past and reporting associated thoughts and feelings
Term
Secondary friends
Definition
people who are not intimates but with whom the individual spends time occasionally, such as a group that meets for lunch, bridge or museum tours
Term
Social convoy
Definition
a model of age-related changes in social networks, which views the individual within a cluster of relationships moving through life. Close ties are in the inner circle, less close ties on the outside. With age, people change places in the convoy, new ties are added, and some are lost entirely
Term
Socioemotional selectivity
Definition
a social theory of aging that states that the decline in social interaction in late adulthood is due to physical and psychological changes, which lead elders to emphasice the emotion regulating function of interaction. Consequently they prefer familiar partners with whom the have developed pleasurable relationships
Term
Successful aging
Definition
aging in which gains are maximized and losses minimized
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