Term
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Definition
| General features appear first and specialized features appear later |
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Term
| Phocomelia, a common malformation of limbs, is induced by ____ |
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Definition
| exposure to thalidomide during pregnancy |
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Term
| How is the sex of an Alligator determined |
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Definition
| environmental temp. during critical period of sex determination |
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Term
| Name the scientist who first believed that control of development lies within cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| the term morphogenesis means: |
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Definition
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Term
| Dolly the sheep & Freddy the Frog have been generated by unconventional methods. What is the major difference between them from the dev. bio. perspective? |
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Definition
| They were formed from nuclei from different areas in the body |
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Term
| What is an "eastern blot?" |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| to identify RNA of interest using synthetic DNA as a probe |
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Term
| RT-PCR combines 2 powerful experimental tools, what are they? |
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Definition
RT: reverse transcriptase
PCR: polymerase chain reaction |
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Term
| What is RNA interference? |
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Definition
| degrading mRNA during its processing after transcription |
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Term
| what is "in situ" hybridization? |
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Definition
| visualizing the mRNA transcript in the cells using cDNA probe |
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Term
| what are the constituents of a typical nucleosome? |
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Definition
| four proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, & H4) & 147 base pairs of DNA |
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Term
| what is the function of the "leader" sequence? |
|
Definition
| 5' UTR that determines rate of translation |
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|
Term
| Histone acetylation usually occurs at which amino acid residue? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| enhancers that can inhibit transcription are called ___ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 3 major domains of transcription factors? |
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Definition
| DNA binding, transacting, & protein-protein |
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|
Term
| what is the role of microRNA? |
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Definition
| RNAs that bind to 3' UTRs of other genes and repress their expression |
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Term
| What are induced pluripotent stem cells and how are they created? |
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Definition
| somatic cells returned to a stem cell state; created by activating genes |
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Term
| during "instructive" induction, ____ |
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Definition
| signal from the inducing cell is necessary for initiating the response from the responding cell |
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Term
| the competence factor that causes head ectoderm to form the lens vesicle is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| During epithelial-mesenchyme interactions, ____ |
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Definition
| mesenchymal cells instruct epithelial cells to express region specific structures |
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Term
| endocrine factors reach the target tissue via ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| during signal transduction, kinases catalyze _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| what is genomic limitation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In RTK pathway, activated RAS (GTP-RAS) is converted to inactive RAS (GDP-RAS) by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thanatophoric dysplasia (narrow chest and short limbs) is caused by: |
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Definition
| mutations of FGF receptor protein |
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Term
| in the Wnt pathway, GSK inhibits ___ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a major transcription modulator in hedgehog pathway |
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Term
| while communicating with the extracellular matrix, the integrins of the cells usually make contact with ______ in the ECM |
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Definition
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Term
| while communicating with the extracellular matrix, the integrins of the cells usually make contact with ______ in the ECM |
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Definition
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Term
| TGF-beta super family DOESN'T include: |
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of G-protein (RAS) is an important step in this signal transduction pathway: |
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Definition
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Term
| Cyclopia, failure of the eye fields to separate, is due to the mutation of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| during embryonic development, which of these factors may not act as a paracrine factor? |
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Definition
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Term
| During embryonic development, apoptosis is responsible for ____ |
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Definition
| spacing of neurons, spacing of fingers and toes, vaginal opening |
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|
Term
| Juxtacrine signaling usually involves: |
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Definition
| physical contact between signaling and receiving cells |
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Term
| in the notch pathway, _____ |
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Definition
| cells expressing delta proteins activate neighboring cells that contain notch proteins |
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Term
| Until the invention of the microscope by Leeuwenhoek in 1678, earlier belief of spermatozoa was: |
|
Definition
| parasitic animals living within the semen |
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|
Term
| human sperm maturation occurs in the _____ and capacitation occurs in ________. |
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Definition
| epidydimus, female reproductive tract |
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|
Term
| in sea urchins, _____, a proteinassociated with microtubules, provides force for sperm propulsion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of sperm centriole? |
|
Definition
| mitotic spindle in the zygote |
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|
Term
| what is the function of "resact" in sea urchins? |
|
Definition
| activates mitochondria of the sperm |
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|
Term
| type of reaction that the spermatozoa undergoes during fertilization: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of ZP3 (Zona binding protein)? |
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Definition
| facilitates the binding of mammailian sperm to egg cell membranes |
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Term
| During gastrulation, inturning of the cell sheet over a basal layer is called _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| synthesis of which of the following allows progression of zygote or blastomeres to mitotic phase: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| centrolecithal eggs are usually found in this group of animals: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Meroblastic cleavage is characterized by ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most important feature of gastrulation? |
|
Definition
| formation of three germ layers |
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Term
| In sea urchins, the signaling molecule used by micromeres in induction is _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| in sea urchins, guidance for ingression for the primary mesenchymal cells comes from ______. |
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Definition
| Fibronectin, sulfate glycoproteins, and physical support from ECM |
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Term
| in sea urchins, depletion of EP-Cadherin during early development results in: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in sea urchins the "mid-blastula transition" refers to: |
|
Definition
| development of cilia, formation of vegetal plate, rotation of ciliated blastula in fertilization envelope |
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Term
| type of specification where cells are committed to form specific tissue depending on the location: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in amphibian eggs, the Gray crescent is formed as a result of: |
|
Definition
| rearrangement of egg cortisol cytoplasm |
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Term
| during early development of amphibians, EP cadherins play an important role in the: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in amphibian embryos, levels of beta-catenin are kept low because of _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the first batch of cells that form the leading edge of archenteron in amphibian cells are called ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in amphibians, the following is generally considered a negative regulator: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in amphibians, transplantation of dorsal lip tissue from an early gastrula to another early gastrula results in: |
|
Definition
| formation of secondary embryonic axis |
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|
Term
| the subgerminal cavity in chick eggs is formed by the: |
|
Definition
| absorption of fluids from albumin by dividing blastodermal cells |
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Term
| the Koller's sickle of a chick egg is analogous to: |
|
Definition
| dorsal lip of blastopore in amphibians |
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|
Term
| what is the fate of Hensen's node? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Dorso-ventral axis in the chick is facilitated by: |
|
Definition
| differential pH in albumin and subgerminal fluid |
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|
Term
| in chick embryos, what is the role of "scatter factor?" |
|
Definition
| helps in down-regulating the E-Cadherin so that cells can enter the primitive streak |
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|
Term
| what is the role of "lefty-1" gene in chick development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is role of Caronte (car) gene in chick embryo |
|
Definition
| aids in the formation of right-side structures |
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|
Term
| in mammals the entry of sperm immediately signal the following in the egg: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in mammals cells that form embryonic germ layers are called _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in mammals, cells of inner cell mass secrete the following to help the division of trophoblasts: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hatching of blastocysts is facilitated by: |
|
Definition
| strypsin (trypsin-like protease) secreted by trophoblasts |
|
|
Term
| what is ectopic implantation? |
|
Definition
| inplantation in the oviduct |
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|
Term
| among other functions, the newly-formed notochord is involved in induction. what does it induce? |
|
Definition
| induction of neuronal ectoderm to form neural tube |
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|
Term
| in mammals, the following gene seems to be responsible for right side structures |
|
Definition
| inversion of embryonic turning (inv) |
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|
Term
| in mammals, the yok sac is derived from _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the mammalian blastocyst uses the following to adhere to the uterine endometrium |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of allantois in mammalian embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list three 46, XY disorders of sexual development. |
|
Definition
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5α-reductaste-2 deficiency, 17β-HSD-3 deficiency |
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|
Term
| in terms of evolutionary embryology, bird wings & human arms are ____ structures. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| pioneering work of Christian Pander first identified ________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organs already present in embryo in mini form |
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|
Term
| what is the normal sequence of events during development? |
|
Definition
| fertilization, differentiation, morphogenesis, growth, reproduction |
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|
Term
| in human females what is the fate of the nephric duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the formation of the human kidney, the uterine buds are induced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gonads are derived from ______ mesoderm. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| kidney is derived from _____ mesoderm |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mutations in CBFA1 gene results in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| to much activity of osteoclasts results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endochondral ossification is characterized by |
|
Definition
| replacement of cartiledge with bone |
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|
Term
| factors like Myf5 and MyOD are involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during axonal formation, which of the following provides contact guidance to the growth cone? |
|
Definition
| extracellualar matrix proteins |
|
|
Term
| spondylocostal dysplasia occurs due to |
|
Definition
| mutation of delta-like-3 gene |
|
|
Term
| lunatic fringe protein is involved in the activation or formation of |
|
Definition
| noth pathway during somitogenesis |
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|
Term
| vertebrae and ribs are derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the notochord comes from ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| somites are formed from ____ mesoderm |
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Definition
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|
Term
| during neurulation, the inflation of lumen of neural tube is facilitated by the activity of _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mutations of this transcription factor usually results in microopthalmia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major role of open brain protein during neurulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranioarchischisis is best described as |
|
Definition
| failure to close entire neural tube |
|
|
Term
| during the polarization of the neural tube, the interneurons arise from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signaling molecule responsible for the ventralization of the neural tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during primary neurulation, the dorso-lateral hinge point cells facilitate |
|
Definition
| convergence of the outer edges of the neural groove |
|
|
Term
| neural crest cells are derived from |
|
Definition
| the region between neural tube and outer ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| during neurulation, the presumptive ectodermal cells near the neural plate express ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of neurulation where the neural tube is formed from solid cells, including cavitation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor cells that form the CNS |
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|
Term
| the central nervous system is dervied from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during mesodermal specification, forkhead transcription factors such as FoxF1 are expressed in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the melanocytes are formed from which type of neural crest cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial neural crest cells that make facial structures migrate between these structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| truncus arteriosus is possibly caused by mutations in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the migration impeding proteins for neural crest cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sacral and vegal neural crest cells generate |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic ganglia of the gut |
|
|
Term
| trunk neural crest cells going through the dorsolateral pathway are responsibel for the formation of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during neural crest cell formation slug protein is required for |
|
Definition
| dissociation and migration of neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system is derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the migration of trunk neural crest cells, the slug protein is involved in |
|
Definition
| impeding migration of neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| male pattern baldness is usually due to |
|
Definition
| immune system attacking hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| the malphigian layer is composed of |
|
Definition
| spinous and basal layer of epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to separate eye fields |
|
|
Term
| contractile filopodia called microspikes are involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FGF10 expression is stabilized by ___ in hind limbs and ___ in forelimbs |
|
Definition
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