Term
| What are the 5 classes of Echinoderms? |
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Definition
Sea Stars
Brittle Stars
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
Sand Dollars |
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Term
| All species of Echinoderms are _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are Echinoderms considered bilateral? |
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Definition
| Their larvae are bilateral. |
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Term
| What structural feature is unique to Echinoderms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can a water vascular system be used for? |
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Definition
Locomotion
Feeding
Gas Exchange
Excretion |
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Term
Echinoderms:
Cephalization?
Muscle and nervous tissue?
Digestive System?
Respiratory?
Circulatory?
Excretion?
Where does fertilization occur? |
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Definition
No Cephalization
Yes - muscle and nerve
Complete but short digestive system
No respiratory
No circulatory
No excretion
External fertilization
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Term
| What are Echinoderm exoskeletons made of/what are they like? |
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Definition
| Hard exoskeletons made of calcareous plates |
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Term
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Definition
| Containing calcium carbonate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do echinoderms feed and what are their ecological roles? |
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Definition
They are filter feeders.
Some are herbivores, some are scavengers, some are predators.
Crown of thorns sea star is causing problems--eating all the coral reef cnidarians. |
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Term
| What are the 3 subphyla of the Phylum Chordata? |
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Definition
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Craniates |
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Term
| What are the 4 chordate characteristics? |
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Definition
Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits
Post-anal tail |
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Term
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Definition
Flexible rod between the nerve chord and gut.
Provides skeletal support for muscle attachment.
Only remnants of embryonic notochord present in adult. |
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Term
| What is the dorsal nerve chord and what makes Chordates' unique? |
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Definition
It develops into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Chordates' are hollow, where all other animals' are solid |
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Term
| What are pharyngeal slits? |
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Definition
Allow water to pass through without going through the gut.
Modified for some other purposes in vertebrates (e.g. gas exchange) |
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Term
| What is the post-anal tail? |
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Definition
Contains skeletal elements (like the notochord) and muscle
Often lost in embryonic development
Unlike in non-chordates, the tail continues past the digestive system |
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Term
Subphyla Cephalochordata
[image] |
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Definition
Called lancelets because of blade-like shape
Chordate characteristics persist into adulthood
Rare globally, but exist in high numbers in some places (e.g. Tampa) |
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Term
| How do members of the subphylum cephalochordata eat? |
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Definition
| Suspension feeders, use their pharyngeal slits to filter out small particles of food. |
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Term
Subphylum Urochordata
[image] |
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Definition
Tunicates ("sea squirts")
Filter feeders with excurrent and incurrent siphons
Most chordate features only present in larvae form |
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Term
Subphylum Craniata
[image] |
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Definition
Chordates with a skull (bone or cartilage)
Includes all animals we call "vertebrates"
Also includes one group of invertebrates, the "hagfish" (Clade Myxini)
Still only 5% of known animals species |
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Term
| Characteristics of Vertebrates |
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Definition
All the same as chordata, plus:
- More pronounced cephalization (with skull)
- Vertebral column that encloses the nerve cord (replaces notochord function)
- Endoskeleton that grows with animal
- Closed circulatory system
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Term
| 6 major events in vertebrate history |
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Definition
- Development of jaws
- Development of bone
- Development of lungs
- More complex circulatory systems
- 4-legged (tetrapod) terrestrial vertebrates
- Reproductive adaptations to life on land
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Term
| Of the 8 vertebrate clades, how many have jaws? Which are jawless? |
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Definition
7 have jaws.
The lampreys are jawless, and are the oldest vertebrates. |
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Term
Clade Chodnrichthys
[image] |
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Definition
First to develop jaws from rods that once supported the pharyngeal slits
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Term
| All jaws animals are called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
Clade Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
[image] |
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Definition
Notochord in embryo, present as vertebrae discs in adult
Gills used in respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Large group of gnathostomes
Pelvis fused to vertebrae
No gill slits, phrangeal clefts involved in formation of inner ear structures |
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Term
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Definition
- "Two Lives"
- Frogs, salamanders, caecilians
- First vertebrates on land (350MYA)
- Gas permeable skin (lose water)
- External fertilization
- Eggs (no shell) and larvae (gills and tail) need water
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Term
| Know difference between "egg" layed by amniotes (where embryo develops) and gamete egg |
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Definition
| Amniotic "egg" contains embryo, which is made by fertilization of egg and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
Animals with special shelled egg
Specialized extraembryonic membranes
Innovation which allowed for eggs to develop on land without water
Includes reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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Term
Amniotic egg parts
membrane |
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Definition
| Gas exchange, waste storage, nutrient transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects embryo. Some species also have a shell. |
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Term
| Most mammals' eggs do not have a __________, but they do have _________. |
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Definition
shell
4 extraembryonic membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Turtles
Lizards
Snakes
Crocodilians
Birds |
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Term
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Definition
Scaley skin to prevent water loss
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Class Lepidosauria
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds are a type of ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
Class Aves - Birds
Adaptations?
[image] |
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Definition
Most highly adapted for flight
- Honey-combed bone structure
- Reduced organ systems (singles)
- Feathers (modified scales)
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Term
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Definition
Help catch flying prey
Escape predators
Migrate long distances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 mammal groups? |
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Definition
No Placenta -
Monotremes (egg laying)
Placenta -
Marsupials
Eutherians |
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Term
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Definition
Lay eggs - no placenta (primitive)
No nipples - produce milk from belly glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryos are born very early, continue development in marsupium |
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Term
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Definition
Embryo develops completely inside mother.
Connected to mother by placenta. |
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Term
| Evolutionary Primate Trends |
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Definition
Claws replaced by flat nails
Opposable thumb
Eyes close together in front of face (flat-face)
Hand-eye coordination |
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Term
| Humans belong to the class of ____________. They share a common ancestor with __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The DNA sequence difference between humans and chimps is __%. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans diverged from their shared ancestor _____ MYA. |
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Definition
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Term
| These 5 traits are unique to humans. |
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Definition
Bi-pedal (stand up straight)
Reduced jaw bones and jaw muscles
Much larger brain
Complex use of tools
Language (written & verbal) |
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