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Design
Final Exam
132
Engineering
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2013

Additional Engineering Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What re 2 objectives in studying engineering ethics?
Definition

To develop the logical foundatin of engineering ethics.

To build an awareness for ethical problems and reasoning.

Term
Why should you be concerned with engineering ethics?
Definition
Intercultural Interactions-consequences-trust
Term
What was the code of Hammurabi?
Definition
Eye for an Eye. Builder must pay the customer back at own expense and lose the same value of whatever he custome lost(son for son).
Term
What are the 5 types of legal constraints and practical guidelines that engineers must work under?
Definition

Professional Regulations

Contract Law

Self regulation: code of ethics

specific laws, regulations and ordinances

Tort law or non contract law

Term
Name the 3 primary sources of defects claimed in product liability lawsuits.
Definition

Manufacturing Defects

Design Defects

Warning Defects

Term
What is "Absolute Liability"?
Definition
Liability without fault. The defect or malfunction was the direct cause for injury or loss of product.
Term
What are the 4 legal principles under which product liability lawsuits are filed?
Definition

Negligence

Strict Liability

Misrepresentation

Privity

Term
What are the 3 fundamental principles of the ASME code of ethics?
Definition

To use your knowledge and skill to enhance the human welfare.

To be honest and impartial and to serve with fidelity the public, your employer and your clients.

Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession.

Term
Rate of return
Definition
Interest rate at which the present worth of the cash flows on a project is zero.
Term
Interest
Definition
periodic compensation for te lending of money; the cost of the use of capitol; sometimes referred to as the "time value of money"
Term

Simple Interest

 

Definition
Interest that is not compounded
Term
Compounded Interest
Definition
the type of interest that is periodically added to the amount of the investment or loan so the subsequent interest is based on the cumulative amount.
Term
Present Value or Present Worth
Definition
the equivalent value present or the discounted value of future terms
Term
Future Value or Future Worth
Definition
the equivalent value at a designated future date
Term
Account Payable
Definition
amount owed to a creditor for the purchase of goods and services
Term
Account Recievable
Definition
amound clamied from a debtor for the sales of goods and services
Term
Bond
Definition
certificate of indebtedness, issued by the government or corporation that implies that assets are pledged as security.
Term
Burdern or Overhead
Definition
expenses incurred from producting a commodity or service that cannot be conveniently attributed to individual units of production or service
Term
Declining Balance Depreciation
Definition
method of computing depreciation at which the annual charge is a fixed percentage of the depreciation book value at the beginning of the year to which the depreciation applies
Term
Discounted Cash Flow
Definition
the present worth of a sequence in time of sums of money when the sequence is considered as a flow of cash into and out of an economic unit
Term
Fixed Cost or Fixed Expense
Definition
an inderect cost that remains relatively unchanged in total regarless of the volume of  production or activity within a fairly wide range of volume
Term
Finge Benefits
Definition

payroll costs other than wages or salary based on actual work;

payed vacation, savings and pensions.

Term
Marginal Cost
Definition
additional cost that is incurred from the increased output of one more unit
Term
Inderect Overhead
Definition
overhead costs that are not traceable back to the specific part of the organization which is the focus.
Term
Salvage Value
Definition
cost recovered or can be recovered from used property after removal(use), sold or scrapped
Term
Variable Cost or Variable Expense
Definition
cost that is directly related to the volume of production
Term
Back Casting
Definition
Ask where will me or my business be in 20 years? What are the incremental steps and progress rate I need to achieve this goal.
Term
Bottome of the Pyramic
Definition
growing recognition that helping the worlds poor is good business. Use products from their market and not from an outside market.
Term
Climate Neutrality
Definition
remove activities that can affect the climate change so that your overall imapct on the climate is neutral.
Term
Corporate Social Responsibilty
Definition
the belief that business can not isolate itself from the socitey in which it operates. Economic responsibility, employee conditions and ethical behavior in general.
Term
Dematerialization
Definition
making product smaller, lighter or multi-functional, thus reducing the amount of material per unit of performance.
Term
Ecological footprint
Definition
amount of land, based on a global average productivity, needed to service the consumption patterns of a given population.
Term
Emission trading
Definition
use of a market mechanism to reduce carbon or total emissions in aggregate by allowing those who produce less than their allotted amount to sell "credit" to those who will exceed their permitted emissions.
Term
Life cycle design
Definition
looking at the whole life cycle, a "cradle to grave" approach; using various tools for assessing life cycle impacts such as life analysis.
Term
Product Take back
Definition
an obligation for manufacturers to take responsiblity for their products once the users/consumers ar through with them.
Term
What are the 3 P's of sustainability?
Definition
People, Planet and Profit
Term

1.      Why was the development of moveable type so important to the development of technology?

Definition

Book business boomed, people learned to read and helped rid the country of slavery. Application of experiment science invented.

Term

What was Frances Bacon most known for?

Definition

The invention of the scientific method.

Term

1.      What was the Lunar Society?  What was its purpose?  List some members. 

Definition

Society of intellectual individuals, writers, scientists and industrialists. Meant to shape a decent life for everyone. Boulton, Darwin and Wedgewood.

Term

1.      What did Frankenstein’s “monster” have to do with industrial revolution?  What was Mary Shelley’s message?

Definition

Frankenstein also reflects the industrial revolution’s effect on Europe, primarily the working class’s appeals for suffrage and other rights. The industrial revolution spawned the creation of large factories with wealthy owners and a poor working class.


It was also a warning against the expansion of modern man in the Industrial Revolution from Shelley. 

Term
List ten of the great (engineering) achievements of the 20th century according to the NAE.
Definition

Automobile- Airplane- Computer- Electronics- Electrification- Highways- Household Appliances- Internet- Imaging- Telephone- Radio and Television- Spacecraft

Term
Why were the Wright Brothers considered to be amond the first great engineers? How was their approach to heavier than flight different from the others and what lead to their success before others?
Definition
Because they did not use funds from big investros or business to build their designs. Used crude and inexpensive materials. Used their knowledge from balancing a bike to balance their planes.
Term

1.      What did Joseph Jacquard, Charles Babbage, and Ada Byron have common?  What was each known for?

Definition

Joseph Jacquard- earliest programmable loom, important role in development of other programmable machines such as computers.

Charles Babbage- Originated the concept of a programmable computer.

 

Ada Byron- First algorithm intended to be processed by a machine.

Term

 List ten of the fourteen great challenges for engineering in the 21st century according to the NAE.

Definition

Advance Health Informatics- Advance personalized learning- Develop carbon sequestration methods- Enhance virtual reality- Engineer better medicine- Make solar energy economical- Manage the nitrogen cycle- Prevent nuclear terror- Provide access to clean water- Secure Cyberspace.

Term
Distinguish between the foci of the “old” school and the “new” school of design.
Definition

Old was a learn on your own type of system based on dedication and persistence. New school helped teach the students learn a process that would give you the correct results.

Term

Distinguish between “variant” and “creative” design.

Definition

Variant- development of new designs based primarily on existing designs.

 

Creative- developing and designing completely new things.

Term
Why is it that many innovative breakthroughs in creativity seem to come from people who are not specializing in the field of the breakthrough?
Definition

It happens mostly because the person who spends a lot of time in that field of study tends to only look at variations of solutions that have always worked in the past. Whereas somebody with a clean sheet will look at the problem from a whole new perspective.

Term
Related to design, what does it mean that some designers resemble a “hammer looking for a nail”?
Definition

Designers tend to recommend solutions that pertain to their field of study. Designs situation vary because problems are dissimilar and because designers habitually adopt different approaches.

Term
Why is design a skill?
Definition

Because it is not a mythical ability given only to certain people but it is a skill which is learned and practiced much like a sport.

Term

What is the normal accuracy in inches of

machinist scale?

vernier caliper?

micrometer?

Definition

machinist scale- .01

vernier caliper- .001

micrometer- .0001

Term
the anvil
Definition

·         The part that is on the frame opposite of the spindle that the part being measured is held up against.

Term
the spindle
Definition

·         The part that is twisted or turned toward the anvil to take the actual measurement.

Term
the frame
Definition

·         C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other.

Term
the barrel
Definition

·         Fixed part of the micrometer underneath the spindle that has the measurements on it.

Term
the thimble
Definition
Holds the graduated markings
Term
the ratchet cap
Definition
Device on end of handle that limits applied pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque.
Term
What are the fundamental differences between the operation of an engine lathe and a vertical mill?
Definition

Engine Lathe- Drilling, boring, taping and threading objects.

 

Vertical Mill- gear cutting, drilling and slotting,

Term
head stock
Definition
Encloses spindle and motor. Holds the tools for drilling, boring and tapping.
Term
chuck
Definition
attaches to spindle, holds the hold work piece;  could also attach to tail stock and hold a tool
Term
carriage
Definition
Moves up, down and holds the cutting tool.
Term
carbide inserts
Definition

·         Tools made of carbide that last longer and have to be sharpened less.

Term
spindle
Definition

·         in the head stock, spins the work piece

Term
tail stock
Definition

·         holds the tools for drilling, boring and tapping. Opposite of headstock.

Term
steady rest 
Definition

·         a device that rides on the ways and provides support for long/unstable work pieces

Term
bed
Definition
support base for entire lathe.
Term
Ways
Definition
grooves that carriage travels along.
Term
tool post 
Definition

·         attached to carriage and holds the tool

Term
tool steel 
Definition
high carbon steel (hard) used for forming tools, usually on a grinder
Term

At one time grinders in the shop were used frequently, but their use has been significantly reduced over time.  

Definition

Carbide tools last much longer than steel tools meaning they need to be grinded less.

Term
drill bit 
Definition

·         cuts holes by moving axially; cylindrical, fluted steel or carbide shaft with conic cutting head on end

Term
mill cutter 
Definition

·         cuts slots and along surfaces by moving perpendicular to its axis; cylindrical, fluted steel or carbide shaft with flat cutting head on end

Term
tap 
Definition
cuts internal threads; cylindrical, steel discontinuous thread cutters on outside
Term
die 
Definition

·         cuts external threads; donut-like with discontinuous threat cutters on the inside of annulus

Term
Explain the operations of a three-jaw, a four-jaw and a six-jaw chuck.  Why do we have three types of chucks, i. e., what is the major use of each?  
Definition

Three-jaw chuck-  three self-centering jaws, for holding cylindrical work pieces

Four-jaw chuck  - four independent jaws, for holding work pieces off-center and for holding non-cylindrical work pieces

 

Six-jaw chuck – six self-centering jaws (like the three-jaw chuck), but provides better holding capability than the three-jaw chuck, especially useful for holding thin-walled tubing

Term
What is collet? How is it used? 
Definition

A tight fitting sleeve that fits over the base on the workpiece or tool that when placed in a chuck provides a more secure grip which particularly useful for pieces with a “short base” or where high precision in required.

Term

What is a keyway?  How is it used in a mechanical drive system?

Definition

A key way is an axially groove on the outside of an inner shaft and/or an axially groove on the inside of a sleeve that fits around an inner shaft. 

 The purpose of the key/keyway system is to fail when/if the shaft is over-torqued, thus preserving the shaft, analogous to a fuse in an electrical circuit.

 

Term
What is EDM?  How does it operate? What are its main advantages?
Definition

Electronic Discharge Machining; “burns” away material by electrical discharge; provides accurate “cuts” on internal surfaces which are difficult or impossible to reach by conventional machining.

Term
Forging
Definition

·         preheated metal is pressed, pounded or squeezed into high strength parts.

Term
Broaching
Definition

·         performed using a multiple- tooth cutting tool by moving the tool linearly relative to the work in the direction of the tool axis. (hack saw)

Term
Extruding
Definition

·         where a cross section of a bar is reduced by pushing it through a smaller opening.

Term
Flat Rolling
Definition
Heated material is rolled into a flat thin shape using two rollers.
Term
Roll Bending
Definition
Three rollers are used to curve a piece of metal into a circular shape.
Term
Ring Rolling
Definition

·         Thick walled ring of small diameter that is rolled into a thin walled ring of large diameter.

Term
Drawing
Definition
Where the cross section of a bar is reduced by pulling it through a smaller opening. Pushed or pulled through.
Term

What is blanking?  

Definition

Cutting sheet metal along a closed outline in a single step to separate the piece from the surrounding stock. Part cut out is the desired product. Called a blank.

Term

What is punching?

Definition

Similar to blanking except the piece cut out is scrap, called a slug. Remaining stock is desired part.

Term

State three of the four advantages (listed in the notes) of the extrusion process.

Definition

A variety of shapes are possible

Grain structure and strength properties are enhanced.

Fairly close tolerances are possible, especially in cold extrusion.

 

There can be little or no wasted material.

Term

What types of applications are best suited for the 

Vertical band saw?

Horizontal band saw?

Definition

·         Vertical band saw- smaller, precise and even rounded cuts.

 

·         Horizontal band saw- cutting long cumbersome materials.

Term

Name the three ways to classify forgings             

Definition

Working temperature- Whether impact or pressure is used- Degree of constraint used to shape metal.

Term

One way that forgings are classified is by the degree to which the flow of the work metal is constrained by the dies.  Explain the three different types of forgings associated with this classification.

Definition

Opendieforging- compression between two flat dies so material flows outward with no constraint.

Impressiondieforging- die surface contains the shape of the impression that is imparted to the metal.

 

Flashlessforging- work is completely constrained within the die.

Term

Name the three intermediate shapes into which ingots are rolled.

Definition

Bloom (thick square rod), Slab (thick flat piece), Billet (thin square rod)

Term
Describe the four characteristic features associated with a shearing action between two sharp edges
Definition

Rollover- depression caused before cutting begins

Burnish- the first penetration of the punch into work

Fractured zone- area where material fractures

 

Burr- sharp corner caused by elongation of metal when pieces are separated.

Term

What is the operation that was uniquely suited for the broach?  How is this operation currently performed?

Definition

creating internal square cuts. Starting with one cut inward (external broaching) or having a hole and installing the blade within it(internal broaching).

Term

1.      What does it mean that a designer has to be imaginative, realistic and optimistic? Give examples from the notes.

Definition

Imaginative- observe and ask what if? Try and picture the process and end product.

Realistic- Do not set yourself up for failure. Strive for stars but make sure what your looking for is even possible.

 

Optimistic- Always think that you can enhance your design or project.

Term

1.      What was the lesson learned from the commercial failure of the “Great Eastern”?

Definition

The Great Eastern the largest steamship of its time (1857) was to dominate the transatlantic trade – so what happened?  Boundary layer theory and scaling laws for drag were not understood.  It could travel at only 30% of its design forward speed.

Term

1.      List the 12 steps in “A Design Process” as described in the Design III lecture material

Definition

1.     Recognition of a NEED

2.     Problem IDENTIFICATION and SPECIFICATION

3.     INFORMATION gathering

4.     INCUBATION and IDEATION

5.     Development of CONCEPTS (generation of alternatives)

6.     SYNTHESIS                   

7.     ANALYSIS

8.     PROTOTYPING and TESTING

9.     MANUFACTURING

10.   MARKETING

11.   MAINTENANCE

 

12.   AFTERLIFE

Term

     What does it mean to say the design process in not linear?

Definition

During the process new information is continually being generated which is used to reexamine previous findings. Everyone has his/her own “Design Process”.

Term

     What is life-cycle design?

Definition

Consider issues from conception to disposal including economic viability, recyclability, safety and disposal.

Term
Trade Secret
Definition

A formula or compilation of information used in ones business which allows an advantage over competitors. Adv- No time limit, remains a secret amongst owners DisAdv- may be legally reverse engineered.

Term
Copyright
Definition
protection for originator of artistic and literary works against unauthorized reproduction, distribution or performance of works. Adv- renewable, long lasting protection. DisAdv- Finite time limit, protects only the form of expression not the idea or concept.
Term
Trademark
Definition
any word, name or symbol used by a manufacturer to identify his goods.                Adv- Opportunity to renew every five years. DisAdv- can be lost if owner cannot demonstrate efforts were made to prevent the public from using the trademarked name in a generic sense.
Term
Patent
Definition

government grant of a right to exclude other from making, using or selling and invention for a limited period of time. 

Term

List the three requirements for patentability.

Definition

Usefulness, Novelty and Nonobvious. 

Term
Design patent
Definition
protects the form or shape of an object but not the function.
Term
Plant Patent
Definition

protects any distinct and new variety of plant that is invented or discovered and asexually produced.

Term
Utility Patent
Definition

protects the functionality of any new process, machine or compositions of matters or a new useful improvement theory. 

Term

What are the X-patents?

Definition

The first 10,280 patents issued between 1790 and 1836.

Term
Why was the patenting process considered to be so important to the “founding fathers” that it was described in the US Constitution? 
Definition

They recognized the importance of technology and industrialization in the young country at the time.

Term

Approximately how many US patents have been issued?  Approximately how many US patents are currently issued a year?

Definition

8.32 million total, 166 thousand per year.

Term

When was the first US patent issued? When was the last US patent issued?

Definition

July 31, 1790. Every Tuesday.

Term
Chester Carlson
Definition
Utility patent for electrophotography
Term
Auguste Bartholdi
Definition
design patent in 1879 for the sattue of liberty
Term
Alexander Samuelson
Definition
design patent for coke bottle in 1915
Term
Luther Burbank
Definition
16 plant patents
Term
Samuel Hopkins
Definition
first US patent for improving the making of pt ash used in fertilizer
Term
Geroge Bruce
Definition
first design patent in 1842 for a noverl typeface (font style)
Term
Henry Rosenber
Definition
first plant patent in 1931 for climbing rose
Term
List the 5 types of standards
Definition

Dimensional standards

Performacne or quality standards

Test standards

Standard technical terms and symbols

Standard codes of practice

Term
What is the difference between a code and a standard? What is the definition of each?
Definition

Standards are suggested practice. Codes are legal requirements. A “standard” is a set of technical definitions and/or guidelines (“how to” instructions for designers and manufacturers).

Term

What are the five purposes of standards?

Definition

1)         to establish a common dimension base,

2)         to set out current engineering practice in common design situations,

3)         to increase the effectiveness of the designer,

4)         to reduce the cost of manufacture, and

5)         to increase consumer safety.

Term

What are the three types of organizations that develop standards?

Definition

•           Government agencies, e.g., NIST, formerly NBS

•           Trade organizations, e.g., Houston Home Builders Association

 

•           Professional societies, e.g., ASME

Term
ANSI
Definition

The American National Standards Institute

assists participants in their program in reaching agreements on standards, needs, and priorities;

Term
ASTM International
Definition

the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

publishes over 4000 individual standards covering the properties of materials, specifying equipment to test the properties and outlining the procedures for testing.  ASTM is the world’s largest source of voluntary consensus standards.

Term
UL
Definition
The standards of the Underwriters Laboratory (UL) are intended to prevent loss of life and property from fire, crime, and casualty.
Term
ASME
Definition

American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Addresses the issue of industrial standards.

Term
NIST
Definition

National Institute of Standards and Technology; Develop and promote measurement, standards, and technology, to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life.

Term
ISO
Definition

International Organization for Standardization; Development of technical standards.

Term
What is ISO 9000 and what makes it different from other standards?
Definition
It is concerned with quality management which means what the organization does to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer and applicable regulatory requirements and continually improve its performance in this regard. 
Term

What is ISO 14000?

Definition

The ISO 14000 family addresses various aspects of environmental management. This means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environments caused by its activities.des and Standards

Term

What is ISO 26000?

Definition
It helps clarify what social responsibility is, helps businesses and organizations translate principles into effective actions and shares best practices relating to social responsibility, globally. It is aimed at all types of organizations regardless of their activity, size or location.
Term

Briefly explain the “hydrolevel” case and its significance to ASME.

Definition

American Society Of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp., 456 U.S. 556 (1982), is a United States Supreme Court case where a non-profit association, for the first time, was held liable for treble damages under the Sherman Antitrust Act due to antitrust violations.[1]

 

In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court held an association liable when its agents appeared to be acting under the authority of the association. This is called, apparent authority. The court determined that a non-profit association is liable when it fails to prevent antitrust violation through the misuse of the association’s reputation by its agents (including lower level staff and unpaid volunteers).

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