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Design Science Midterm
N/A
102
Architecture
Undergraduate 2
10/21/2012

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Absolute Humidity
Definition
The amount of water vapor present in a unit volume of air.
Term
Altitude of the sun
Definition

Angle from horizon to sun
Ex) at solstice at equator Alt = 90 degrees

<br>[image]

Term
Azimuth of the sun
Definition
Angle of the sun based on the time of day.
Term
Bioclimatic Design
Definition
The design of buildings and spaces (interior – exterior – outdoor) based on local
climate, aimed at providing thermal and visual comfort, making use of solar energy and
other environmental sources
Incorporates passive solar systems
Term
Climate Zones
Definition
Based on the temperature and humidity extremes and swings as well as the amount of sun and intensity of winds.
Term
Comfort Zone
Definition
A range of temperature and humidity that requires no intervention.
Term
Cool Regions
Definition
Maximize solar gain, reduce heat loss, provide wind protection
Term
Temperate Regions
Definition
Minimize East and west exposure, balance solar gain and shading seasonally encourage air movement in summer, protect against wind in winter
Term
Hot-Arid Regions
Definition
Reduce solar gain, promote cooling using water and plants, provide shading
Term
Hot-Humid Regions
Definition
Reduce solar gain, utilize wind for cooling, provide shade
Term
Cooling degree-days
Definition
The sum of the number of degrees every day that the average daily temperature outside is greater than a base desired temperature inside ex: If average temperature for the day is 90 degrees F outside and the desired inside temperature is 75 degrees F, that day contributes 15 cooling degrees to the annual total
Term
Dew Point
Definition
If an air sample with a specific relative humidity is cooled even more, the relative
humidity will eventually reach 100%. At that point, the air can no longer hold any more
moisture and the moisture will begin to precipitate if the air is further cooled
Term
Direct Nominal Irradiance
Definition
The amount of solar radiation received per unit area by a surface that is always held perpendicular (or normal) to the rays that come in a straight line from the direction of the sun at its current position in the sky Typically, you can maximize the amount of this annually received by a surface by keeping it normal to incoming radiation
Term
Passive Solar Heating Techniques
Definition
A) Direct gain – simply letting the sun in to heat space
B) Trombe wall – trapping the sun with a thick mass
C) Sun space – a separate space that traps the sun’s energy[image]
Term
Dry Bulb Temperature
Definition
The temperature measured by a common thermometer and does not take into consideration how humidity makes the air feel.
Term
Energy Use by Sector
Definition
Industry (33%), transportation (28%), commercial (18%), residential (28%)
Term
Frost Line
Definition
The maximum depth of ground below which the soil does not freeze in winter
Term
Heating Degree-Days
Definition
The sum of the number of degrees every day that the average daily temperature outside is less than a base desired temperature inside ex: If average temperature for the day is 65 degrees F outside and the desired inside temperature is 75 degrees F, that day contributes 10 heating degrees to the annual total
Term
Illuminance
Definition
The amount of daylight that strikes a surface
It is a combination of direct, diffuse and reflected light
Measured in Lux
Term
Insolation
Definition
The amount of sunlight that hits the surface of the earth per day
Measured in watts/square meter/day or BTU/sf/day
Term
Light Shelf
Definition
An element that allows daylight to penetrate deep into a building
This horizontal light-reflecting overhang is placed above eye-level and has a highreflectance
upper surface
This surface is then used to reflect daylight onto the ceiling and deeper into a space
Term
Psychrometric Chart
Definition

Charting air at different temperatures

</br>[image]

Term
Sling Psychrometer
Definition
Instrument for measuring relative humidity
Consists of two thermometers, one of which includes a dry bulb and one of which
includes a bulb that is kept wet to measure wet-bulb temperature
Term
Relative Humidity
Definition
The amount of water vapor present in
air expressed as a percentage of the
amount needed for saturation at the
same temperature
Term
Solar Thermal Chimney
Definition

A way of improving the natural ventilation of buildings by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy A simple description of this is that of a vertical shaft utilizing solar energy to enhance the natural stack ventilation through a building

[image]

Term
Sun Path
Definition
Charts the position of the sun Altitude + Azimuth
over the course of the day and year
Term
Thermal Mass
Definition
A mass (often stone, concrete, or brick) used to store heat and reduce temperature fluctuation in a space, by releasing heat slowly over time
Term
Wet Bulb Temperature
Definition
If you were to take the common thermometer used to measure the air temperature
and wrap a small wet cloth around it then spin it in the air, the water in the cloth would
try to evaporate into the surrounding air
As the water evaporate, it takes heat with it, much like sweating. The result is a lowering of the temperature in the thermometer.
Term
Wind Rose
Definition

Diagram the amount of time wind blows from a particular direction and the intensity of the wind from that direction

</br>[image]

Term
Actual/Nominal Dimensions
Definition

An approximate dimension assigned to a piece of material as a convenience in referring to the piece

1” x 8”: 3/4” x 7 ¼”

2” x 4”: 1 ½” x 3 ½”

3” x 6”: 2 ½” x 5 ½”

4” x 6”: 3 ½” x 5 ½”

Term
Balloon Framing
Definition

Long studs required that span from foundation to roof Speeds up completion of the outer shell Creates dangers for chimney – fire stops required

</br>[image]

Term
Band Board
Definition

Closes off the floor platform at the outside face of a building

</br>[image]

Term
Beam
Definition
A straight structural member that acts primarily to resist
nonaxial loads
Very large moment of inertia, taking weight of joists
Term
Bottom or Sole Plate
Definition
Horizontal beam at the bottom of a framed wall
Term
Box Sill
Definition
a sill for a building frame, composed of a plate resting on the basement wall and a joist or header at the outer edge of the plate, as well as a soleplate for the studs resting either directly on the joists or on the rough flooring.
Term
Corner Board
Definition
The vertical boards that are butted together to form the outside corner of a woodframe
building
Term
Cripple Stud
Definition

A wood wall-framing member that is shorter than full-length studs because a header or sill interrupts it

</br>[image]

Term
Dimension Lumber
Definition
Lengths of wood, rectangular in cross section, sawed
directly from the log
Term
Double Top Plate
Definition
Allow for better structural integrity Addresses misalignments in framing by adding more
“I” - Bridges joints in plates tying wall together better
Allows for overlap of joining walls to tie walls together
Term
Header
Definition
Wood – a member that carries other perpendicular framing members, such as a
beam above an opening in a wall or a joist supporting other joists where they are
interrupted by a floor opening
Steel – a beam that spans between girders
Masonry – a brick, or other masonry unit, that is laid across two wythes with its
end exposed in the face of the wall
Term
Gusset Plate
Definition

A flat steel plate used to connect the members of a truss; a stiffener plate

</br>[image]

Term
Jack or Lap Stud
Definition
A shortened stud that carries a header above a
wall opening
Term
Joist
Definition
One of a parallel array of light, closely spaced beams
used to support a floor deck (floor joist) or low-slope
roof (ceiling joist)
Term
King Stud
Definition
A full-length stud nailed alongside a jack stud
Term
Lumber Grade
Definition
The classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with the
grading rules of an approved lumber-grading agency
Term
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Definition
A building panel composed of long shreds of wood fiber oriented in specific directions
and bonded together under pressure
Term
Platform Framing
Definition
A wooden building frame composed of closely spaced members, nominally 2 inches
thick, in which the wall members do not run past the floor-framing members
Term
Sill Plate
Definition
The strip of wood that lies immediately on top of a concrete or masonry foundation in
wood frame construction
Term
Stud
Definition
One of an array of small, closely spaced, parallel wall framing members
Term
Top Plate
Definition
The horizontal member at the top of the studs in a wall in a light frame building
Term
Truss
Definition
A triangulated arrangement of structural members that reduces nonaxial external forces
to a set of axial forces in its members
Term
Anchor Bolt
Definition
A bolt embedded in concrete for the purpose of fastening a building frame to a concrete
or masonry foundation
Term
Crawlspace
Definition

Depth of footing still governed by frost line 18” minimum if floor framing is wood.

More space = easier MEP installation Space

may be excavated or not

Slab for this not required but often installed for convenience and to stop water/radon

</br>[image]

Term
Floating Slab
Definition
Slab provides basement floor, sites directly on compacted gravel
Drainage tile below slab to sump pit
Utilities (ie plumbing etc.) installed prior to slab
Term
Footing
Definition
Spreads load out across weaker soil below (snowshoe) Provides level base on which to build wall formwork “Key” for poured concrete prevents wall from sliding off
Term
Sill Sealer
Definition

A compressible material placed between a foundation and a sill to reduce air infiltration between the outdoors and indoors

</br>[image]

Term
Slab on Grade
Definition
A concrete surface lying upon, and supported
directly by, the ground beneath
Term
Asphalt Shingles
Definition
A roofing unit composed of heavy organic or
in organic felt saturated with asphalt and faced
with mineral granules
Term
Bevel Siding
Definition

Wood cladding boards that taper in cross section

</br>[image]

Term
Board and Batten Siding
Definition

An exterior treatment of vertical boards with battens covering the seams

</br>[image]

Term
Brick Coursing
Definition
Continuous horizontal layer of brick
Term
Brick Ledge
Definition
Part of the foundation wall where brick (veneer) will rest
Term
Clay Roof Tiles
Definition
Roof tiles made of burned clay in various shapes and colors
Strong and durable – withstand harsh climates and time
Term
Flashing
Definition
A thin, continuous sheet of metal, plastic, rubber, or
waterproof paper used to prevent the passage of water
through a joint in a wall, roof or chimney
Term
Masonry Bond Pattern
Definition

Running and stack bond most common

</br>[image]

Term
Slate Roof Tiles
Definition
Roof tiles made of various slate materials
Fire resistant, economically friendly, long lasting
Expensive, heavy
Term
Standing Seam Metal Roofing
Definition
[image]
Term
Weep Hole
Definition

A small opening whose purpose is to permit drainage of water that accumulates inside a building component or assembly

</br>[image]

Term
Wood Shakes
Definition

Thick, rough, uneven shingles that are hand split, split and sawn on one side, or sawn on both sides; u sed as siding

</br>[image]

Term
Basic Roof Terms
Definition
[image]
Term
Birdsmouth Cut
Definition
An angled notch cut into a rafter to allow the rafter to seat securely on the top
plate of a wall
Term
Ceiling Joist
Definition
Closely spaced members used to support the structure of the ceiling (roof)
Term
Cornice
Definition
The exterior detail at the meeting of a wall and a roof overhang
Term
Fascia
Definition

The exposed vertical face of an eave

</br>[image]

Term
Gable End Ladder Overhang
Definition
[image]
Term
Gable End Truss
Definition
Truss used at the ends of a gable roof
It has vertical members that are spaced to allow convenient attachment of the exterior
wall sheathing
Term
Roof Types
Definition

Gable roof Gambrel roof Hip roof Mansard roof Shed roof

</br>[image]

Term
Ice Dam
Definition

An obstruction along the eave of a roof, caused by the freezing of water emanating from melting snow on the roof surface above

</br>[image]

Term
Lookout
Definition
A short rafter, running the perpendicular to
the other rafters in the roof, which supports
a rake overhang
Term
Rafter
Definition
A framing member that runs up and down the
slope of a steep roof
Term
Ridge Rafter
Definition
[image]
Term
Roof Pond
Definition
In certain climates (generally hot arid climates)
these can be incorporated as a means to
capture and store heat when it is wanted or
absorb heat from a building when it is not wanted.
The principle utilizes the thermal capacity of water and the natural cycle of hot warm
days with cool evenings to regulate heat migration in a building.
Insulation/shutters must be integrated to increase the effectiveness of the system.</br>[image]
Term
Saddle or Cricket
Definition
[image]
Term
Sawtooth Roof Monitor
Definition
[image]
Term
Soffit
Definition
The undersurface of a horizontal element of a building, especially the underside of a stair
or roof overhang
Term
Awning Window
Definition

A window that pivots on a horizontal axis at the top edge of the sash and projects toward the outdoors

</br>[image]

Term
Casement Window
Definition

A window that pivots on axis at or near a vertical edge of the sash

</br>[image]

Term
Clerestory
Definition
A portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight to the interior
Term
Double-hung Window
Definition

A window with two overlapping sashes that slide vertically in tracks

</br>[image]

Term
Hopper Window
Definition
A window whose sash pivots on an axis along or near the sill and that opens by tilting toward the interior of the building</br>[image]
Term
Pivoting Window
Definition
A window that opens by rotating around its vertical centerline</br>[image]
Term
Sill
Definition
The horizontal bottom portion of a window
or door
Term
Bernoulli Effect
Definition
Term
BTU (British Thermal Unit)
Definition
This is the energy required to heat one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit This standard unit is used in calculations for determining the amount of heat lost or gained in a building so that the designer can explore alternatives to make up that energy difference to keep the occupants in the comfort zone
Term
Dead Load
Definition
Permanent loads on a building, including the weight of the building itself and any
permanently attached equipment
Term
Live Load
Definition
Nonpermanent loads on a building caused by the weights of people, furnishings,
machines, vehicles, and goods in or on the building
Term
EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finishing System)
Definition
a type of building exterior wall cladding system that provides exterior walls with an insulated finished surface and waterproofing
in an integrated composite material system
Term
Instance Parameter vs. Type Parameter
Definition
Affect only the family you’ve selected. This is an important distinction (from type
parameters): You can change instance properties only when you have an element
selected, but you can change type properties without selecting anything.
Term
Lambert's Cosine Law
Definition

Says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the observer's line of sight and the surface normal. The amount of energy that strikes a surface declines as that surface is at more of an angle to sun (ie not perpendicular)

</br>[image]

Term
Lux
Definition
The SI unit of illuminance, equal to one lumen per square meter
Term
Moment of Inertia
Definition
For a building element that is expected to behave in a structural manner, this describes the efficiency of the particular geometry of an element. It is typically calculated in the same direction as the load applied to it
Term
Watt
Definition
The SI unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second, corresponding to the power
in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt and the current one
ampere
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