• Had more vault and dome construction.
• Architecture was not only meant to celebrate the external experience but also the internal one as shown in the Pantheon.
• Buildings used hierarchical and orthogonal organization like in Trajan's Imperial Forum

• Began building in a cross like shape
• Use of buttress
• Started using lighting in the tall thin naves to create elegance

• Vaults were less round
• Buttress were perfectly placed to allow lateral loads on the thinning walls and roofs
• Vault was given more of an organic look with elaborate ribs along the sides

• Egyptians used stereometric shapes in balanced form to embody a constant eternal order.

• Zoser was an early example of an architectural system. The walls are metered out but wasnt yet organized along any major axis.
• Deir el Bahir exhibits a mature architectural system. It was axially organized with a system of ramps, terraces, colonnades, courtyards and halls.
• Temple of Karnak was a fully developed architectural system.  It had a dominant path with celebrated entrances, courtyards, and organized rooms.

• Contains the poropylea which is a temple dedicated to Athena Nike.
• Also the erechtheion which is a temple for Attica, Poseidon, and Athena
• Finally there is the Parthenon which is a temple dedicated to Athena Parthenos

• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian

• Actually see, see as much as you possibly can.
• Along with seeing study, learn about the places that you are seeing

1. Learn why it was built and what its function in the community was and is now.
2. Raise your normal view and look up as you walk around.
3. Sense the space.
4. Train your eye to understand the structure.
5. Determine how the materials are working.
6. Determine how the building was constructed.
7. Examine the historical presidents.
8.  Analyze the composition, the proportions, and the rhythms.
9. Observe the appropriateness of the building.
10. Analyze what makes this building special.

• Traditionally in the United States, when a building is topped out, workers place a fir tree on the roof.
• In Mexico, when a building is topped, a handmade cross, decorated with ribbons and flowers, is blessed and placed on a prominent spot on top of the building.

"taking students to see places and listen to people"

Seeing and understanding through travel, reading, drawing, theorizing, contemplation, and conversation make the key - but the most important learning comes from seeing.

• Admired architecture has a long, productive life.
• Rewarding Sensual and intellectual

An experienced master builder

Archi(chief) - tecton(builder) or architecton

1. Treament of walls, proportions of windows, the relatin of wall-space to window-space
2.  Treatment of the exterior of a building as a whole, its contrast of block against block, the rhythm of projections and recessions.
3. Treatment of the interior, the sequence of rooms, the widening out of a nave at the crossing

• Spatial quality
• Architecture has a history of man shaping space

• They gave it the Name "The International Style"
• The Bauhaus in Germany began as a design school for industrial production and later included architecture in the new aesthetic of modernism.

• A different direction from international style
• Adjustment to fit the regional more localized cultural and environmental characteristics that modernists ignored.

1. A cost plus a multiple of direct expense agreement.
2. A fee based on a percentage of construction cost.
3. A lump-sum contract for the architect's services.

1.   A legal description of the site with boundary stakes in the ground
2. A topographic site plan showing the location of trees and other features, including utility entry points
3. A subsurface soils and foundation survey

1. Schematic Design
2. Design Development
3. Construction Documentation
4. Bidding and Negotiating of Construction Contracts
5. Construction Administration

1. Good general education
2. A start in a second language
3. Enough math and physics to handle intro college courses
4. Experiences in freehand drawing
5. Most importantly, extensive travel

1. First you must receive a professional degree usualy taking 5 to 6 years.
2. Second you must complete a three-year internship with a registered architect.
3. After internship you qualify to take the Architectural Registration Exam consisting of 9 parts and taking months and sometimes years to complete.

1. Commodity, Firmness, and Delight
2. Business, Technology, Art

1. Be well organized
2. Posses both business skills and people skills
3. Having a flair for entrepreneurship

1. Site, a place in the community or landscape
2. Program, the owner's list of needs and desires
3. Budget

Scale - is the relationship of the building to human body or to the size and scale of the buildings nearby

Massing - is the proportional relationship of one mass of the building to another and to the whole building

1. Handsome Proportions
2. Rhythmic Sequences
3. Richenss of Form
4. Balance of Composition
5. Dramatic Events
6. Stimulating Color

1. Communicate ideas
2. Tell histories
3. Evoke emotions
4. Enhance spirituality
5. Create a sense of place

• It integrated painting, sculpture, music, and drama.
• It was a concept that generated great ritual art and architecture through the collaboration of the artists

Area is flat and two-dimensional

Space is the three-dimensional substance in which we live

• Consider what your eyes see
• Orient the spaces so you will feel breeze and sense the heat of the sun or cool of shade.
• Screen and protect from sounds that bother.
• Avoid the harsh fumes
• Just find the most desirable location for meals and snacks

• Golden Rectangle - ratio of width to length of 1 to 1.618
• Square root of 2 -  the ratio of 1 to 1.414
• The simplest is the square
• Double square and doulbe cube

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• Egyptian architecture used stone sculptures
• Columns were meant to represent a closed lotus flower

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Architect - Pheidias

Temple to the God Athena Nike (Athena the Warrior)

Overlooks the Agora (Marketplace)

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Meant to celebrate the internal experience.

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• Meant to Concretize Spiritualized Space
• Side Isles were dark and Represented the World
• Nave was Tall and Thin, Presaged Gothic Architecture

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Architect - Erich Mendelsohn

• Designed for concrete
• Concrete Frame and Masonary Infill

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Architect - Albert Kahn

Plant design came directly from the process of making glass

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Architect - Gerrit Rietveld

• Despite it's modern appearance it is a wood framed house

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Architect - Le Corbusier 

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Architect - Frank Lloyd Wright

•  Meant to combine nature with Architecture
• Thought it was a Failure

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Archiect - Som

Located in New York City

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Architect - La Corbusier

Located in Monastery France

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Louis Kahn

Located in Ft. Worth

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Alvar Aalto

Pieces of building focus on the way that human interaction is inside

• Commodity
• Firmness
• Delight
• Structural Soundness
• On Budget