Term
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Definition
-spontaneous
-round, flat, brown
-can peal off easily (probably because they are so kerainous)
-variable melanin-pigmentation
-HORN-CYSTS, PSEUDO HORN CYSTS
-"whorling" squamous cells
-Rapid increase in number – sign of Leser-Trelat, phenotypic marker for stomach adenocarcinoma
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Term
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Definition
a browning ripple on of the skin (80% benign)
hyperpigmented zones of skin
hyperkeratosis
NO melanocytic hyperplasia |
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Term
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Definition
a squamous papilloma or a skin-tag
a very common cutaneous lesion
Neck, trunk, face, and intertriginous areas |
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Term
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Definition
downgrowths often filled with keratin
can be painful with rupture
Named based on structural components of wall
Epithelial inclusion
Wall resembles normal epidermis
Pilar/Trichilemmal
Wall resembles follicular epithelium
Dermoid
Similar to epidermal cyst
Multiple appendages
Steatocystoma
Wall resembling sebaceous gland duct |
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Term
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Definition
—Morphology
—Cylindroma – ductal (appocrine or eccrine) differentiation may have a jigsaw puzzle like appearance
—Syringoma – eccrine differentiation small tan papules under the eyelid
—Trichilemmoma
—Cowden Disease – disorder caused by germline mutations in tumor suppressor gene PTEN associated with increased risk of breast cancer and other tumors |
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Term
| what is actinic keratosis |
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Definition
can by caused by over-exposure to sunlight with the excess buildup of keratin (thickening of the stratum corneum).
there may be parakeratosis, nuclei retention in the stratum corneum (a bad sign)
can have cutaneous horn development
a PRE-MALIGNANT condition, specifically for SSC |
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Term
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Definition
looks like a well-differentiated SCC
rapidly progression neoplasm
flesh-colored dome-shaped nodules in sun-exposed areas
keratin-filled crater surrounded by dividing epithelial cells (glassy with eosinophilic cytoplasm) |
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Term
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Definition
age
men
smoking
immunosupressents
osteomyolitis
sun
defective langerhans cells (sunlight damages these and makes them more susceptible to oncogenic viruses, p53 dysfunction, deregulation of RAS) |
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Term
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Definition
all throughout epidermis= in situ
breaks through basement layer= invasive
within epidermis, but not whole thing= AK |
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Term
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Definition
MC skin cancer, but slow growing therefore rarely metastasize
pearly papules with telangiectasias
linked to xeroderma pigmentosum
arise from epidermal or follicular layer, not mucosal
composed of "nests" |
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Term
| a common benign hyperplasia of melanocytes with no age preference? |
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Definition
lentigo; can also be referred to as liver spots
completely benign and restricted to the cell layer directly above the basal membrane |
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Term
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Definition
emcompasses all neoplasms of melocytes
well defined
uniformly pigmented
a mole, essentially. a superfiscial nevus has larger cells and produces more melanin. a more mature, deeper nevus has small cells and may resemble neural tissue (little to no pigment) |
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Term
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Definition
have the potential to transform to a melanoma
—Clinically
—Larger than most acquired nevi (> 5mm across)
—Flat macules, slightly raised plaques with a ‘pebbly’ surface, or target-like lesions with a darker raised center and irregularly flat periphery
—Variable pigmentation
—Irregular borders
—More so acquired than congenital
—Sun exposed and covered areas |
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Term
| dysplastic nevi transformation |
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Definition
Alterations in the superficial dermis include a lymphocytic infiltrate
Release of melanin from dead nevus cells into the dermis (melanin incontinence) where it is phagocytosed by macrophages
Several gene mutations discovered
Linear fibrosis surrounding the rete ridges
CDKN2A on chromosome 9p21
CDK4 on chromosome 12q14
Both are associated with familial forms of melanoma
Not all dysplastic nevi assoc with these genes
Activating mutations in NRAS and BRAF
Gene modifiers |
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Term
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Definition
radial and vertical
radial is less severe because it can stay isolated to the epidermis and superfiscial dermis for decades
vertical growth is more dangerous because it is unpredictable and has potential for metastasis. there is also considerably less maturation |
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Term
| how to confirm if a tissue is melanoma? |
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Definition
Can use HMB-45 (monoclonal antibody) to assess if tissue is of melanocytic origin – used as a tumor marker for melanomas |
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Term
| describe a junctional melanocytic nevi |
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Definition
>1 cm, prob on sun exposed area, brown tan
compound share properties with dermal, on trunk face and extremities |
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Term
| a dermal melanocytic nevus |
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Definition
small, but dome-shaped, 20's-30s
compound share properties with junctional, on trunk face and extremities |
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Term
| what do you call a halo around a preexisting nevus? |
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Definition
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Term
| nevus lentigo and nevus looks like a spilus, why? |
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Definition
| spans a large area, can be up to 15 cm, rarely transforms |
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Term
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Definition
| sking tag, nothing, just fibrous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| because they're producing a lot of melanain and have some tindle effect...they're benign |
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Term
| what can keratacanthorisis be confused with? |
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Definition
a pseudocancer
rapid growing but sometimes indistinguishable |
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Term
| a terrible looking scar often seen in african americans and associated with piercings with be ___ tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| what will this type of tissue do when pushed together and make an otherwise cute symbol? |
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Definition
| a dermotofibroma because it dimples, ya dummy |
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Term
| when might someone get a spider angioma |
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Definition
| on their face or forearms of hands. women more than med, during hyperestrogen states ie. pregnancy |
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Term
| what dangers does a hemangioma pose? |
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Definition
| you want to treat it as a wart, but it will bleed profuslely and will granulosize around the site of injury |
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Term
| what is a glomulus tumor? |
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Definition
one that fxns as an AV shut
painful and subungual |
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Term
what are most epidermal cysts composed of?
what would you call it if it were on the eyelid? |
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Definition
foul-smelling keratin
a milium |
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Term
| a calcified cyst most common the scalps of females? |
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Definition
trichilemmal cyst
a small, firm, dome-shaped nodule |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudocyst over the DIP joint which extrudes a gelatanous material |
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Term
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Definition
nErythema, pigmentation, scarring, atrophy of skin, telangiectasias, necrosis and ulceration, leathery skin
nSkin cancers may develop in these areas |
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Term
gorlin's syndrome
or
basal cell nevus syndrome |
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Definition
AD disease with NO sun exposure
multiples BCCs
also, skeletal malformations such as mandibular keratocysts |
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Term
nAcralLentiginous Melanoma: |
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Definition
arises on the sole, palm, fingernail or toenail bed or mucocutaneous skin of the mouth, genitalia or anus;
grows slowly over a period of years |
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Term
| where will likely metastasis occur and how can it be predicted? |
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Definition
nSentinel node biopsy can detect regional metastasis to lymph nodes
nVisceral metastasis can occur in lung, liver, brain and bone
Sentinel node status and Breslow thickness (depth of invasion) of the melanoma are strong predictors of recurrence and survival |
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