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| the study of behavior and mental processes from conception to adolescence. |
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-determine what kind of adult you are
-personality traits/better understand ourselves
-be better parents, teachers, etc. |
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-children were born into the world as evil beings
-goal of child rearing is to provide salvation, remove sin
-harsh, restrictive parenting
-Middle Ages |
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-John Locke- end of 17th cent.
-Children are not innately bad, but are "blank tablet"
-childhood experiences important in determining adult characteristics
-parents should spend time with children so they become productive members of society |
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-Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-children are inherently good, should be permitted to grow naturally w/ little parental monitoring or constraint
-permissive parenting |
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attempted to make parallels between child growth and human evolution
-first to scientifically study children. |
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| French asked him to set up 1st intelligence test to decide which children should attend |
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-Paved way in US
-Sexist toward women |
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| Psychoanalytic theory, psychosexual stage model |
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(he believed) Behaviorism influenced through children
*little Albert |
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responsible for : stage model, cognition
children active participants in their development. |
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| (term) Pattern of change from conception to death |
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| examples: puberty, conception, teething, getting taller, walking, pregnancy |
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| understanding cause & effect, adding, subtracting, decision making |
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| Socio-emotional processes |
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| changes in relationships, emotions, and personality. |
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| period from conception to birth |
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| period from birth to 18-24 months |
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period 2-5 or 6 years of age
Preschool years |
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| Elementary period 6-11 years of age |
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| period beginning at 10/12 yrs. to 18/22 years of age |
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| An issue in development, focuses on the extent to which development is mainly influenced by biological inheritance or enviornmental experience |
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| Continuity-Discontinuity Development issue |
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| whether development is continuous (gradual and cumulative) or discontinuous (a sequence of abrupt changes) |
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| Early- Later Experience issue |
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| issue that focuses on whether early experiences are more important in development than later experiences. |
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| Types of theories in child development |
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Psychoanalytic theories
Cognitive theories
Behavioral and social cognitive theories |
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| Freud and Erikson's theories were... |
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unique history of child,
series of stages with conflicts that need to be resolved,
resolution or lack thereof determines who you become as an adult. |
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| Freud's Pyschosexual Theory |
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this theory focuses on unconcious drives (sex and aggression)
3 parts of personality and 5 psychosexual stages |
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| 3 psychosexual stages (freud) |
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does not operate in reality, wants immediate gratification
like a 2 year old |
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| (stage) conscience, morals, values, wants you to be thinking about the right thing to do |
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the mediator, wants id and superego to operate in society (reality)
like a mother |
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| Id- Oral (birth to 1 year) |
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must get the right amount of breast feeding
if fixated in this stage you will chew on pens, ice, smoke, over eat |
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potty training, control of bowels
-anal retentive, difficult controlling |
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| Phallic stage (3-6 years) |
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superego develops in this stage
most controversial stage
genitals- area of pleasure/realize what you have (penis/vagina)
have a desire for parent of the opposite sex according to Freud
(Oedipus and Electra Complexes & castration anxiety) |
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| Latency stage (6-puberty) |
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develop intellectual and social skills
get a break from sex in this stage |
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| if you have successfully completed all other stages you should have healthy sexual and marital relationships in this stage. |
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| Erikson's Psychosocial stages |
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-focused on affiliation with others more than sex
-same first 5 stages as Freud
but added 3 more stages that deal with adulthood |
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| Pavlov's Classical Conditioning |
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-a behavioral & social cognitive theory
-ideas were taken by Watson and applied to Behaviorism |
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| Behaviorism -Watson (20's) |
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-took Pavlov's ideas about classical conditioning and applied them to childrren
-children are born a blank slate
-human beings shaped by enviornment
-Tabulosa
-Designs by little albert
-didn't like children, only experiemented for the sake of mankind |
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-experiement; fears are learned
parents should think of home as a scientific lab.
condition stimulus: wasn't afraid of white rat but (unconditioned stimulus) when noise was added |
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| Bandura (Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory) |
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-Social Learning Theory
observation modeling (see something and imitate it)
revised thought patterns
-holds that behavior, enviornment, and cognition are key factors in development |
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| Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory |
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-believed all active participants in our knowledge
-Assimilation and Accomodation |
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-we take new knowledge and put it into categories (or schemas) that already exist
-see golden retriever, put into category for dogs- 4 legged animal,tail, barks |
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the new information doesn't fit into the categories that already exist, so the child makes a new category
ex: see cow and say doggy, parents tell you no, cows moo and aren't pets..so create new schema for cows. |
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An ethological theory
-rapid, innate learning within a critical period
-attachment to first moving object seen
-behavior of baby birds |
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| Bowlby's attachment theory |
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(theory)
-bond that forms with caregiver
-smiling, babbling, grasping, crying are built-in social signals that encourage caregiver approach. |
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| Eclectic Theoretical Orientation |
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| -selects and uses what is considered the best in each theory |
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| a set of ideas that helps to explain and allows us to make predictions |
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| the idea being tested, predictions |
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| Methods of collecting data |
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| Observation, survey, interview, physiological measures, case study |
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observe and record behavior
look for pattern of results
-laboratory vs. naturalistic |
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collect a lot of information,
cost effective |
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better than survey
detail about one or more people
takes up a lot of time and money |
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| EGG, PET scan, FMRI, breathing rate, sweating, blood pressure |
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a detailed investigation of one or more people
lets us look at something we might not be able to manipulate
-problem: leads to generalization |
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| types of Research Designs |
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Correlation Research
Experimental Research |
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-relationship b/n one or more variables
-coefficent (either negative or positive) |
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| the number that explains the relationship b/n -1 and 1 |
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| Happiness increases as months since parents' divorce increases |
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| the more time spent in daycare, the lesss fear of strangers |
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| manipulates one or more variables to access casual relationship |
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| what is manipulated in an experiment |
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| what is measured in an experiment |
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| recieves treatment in an experiment |
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| does not recieve treatment in an experiment |
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| the independent variable (in music and grades on test experiment) |
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| dependent variable (music and grades exp.) |
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| the groups listening to music (all types) |
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| the group not listening to music (in test scores and music exper.) |
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-individuals of different ages are compared at the same time; different children
-takes several months to complete, do not have to wait for kids to grow up |
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| cross-sectional approach example |
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| look at Different 5, 8, 11 year olds in terms of decision making |
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look at same kids over long time span
-takes years to complete and allows us to see how change occurs |
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| look at same kid at ages 5, 8, and 11 in terms of decision making |
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-evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce
-Darwin proposed this fuels evolution |
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| adaptive behavior that promotes the organism's survival in a natural habitat |
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holds that adaptation, reproduction and "survival of the fittest" are important in shaping behavior
-extended childhood period needed to develop large brain and learn complexity of human social communities
-evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society
-has limitations |
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| Bandura & Evolutionary Psych. |
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| rejected "one-sided evolutionism" and argued for a bidirectional link b/n biology and enviornment. |
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the units of hereditary information theat direct cells to reproduce and manufacture proteins
they act collaboratively, not independently. |
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| nucleus of each human cell contains how many chromosomes? |
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-two ways in which new cells are formend
-duplicate chromosomes/ genes passed on to new cells |
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- Sperm +egg= this
contains genes from the chromosomes in the sperm and egg |
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| Variablity is created by.. |
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| exchange of chromosomal segments during meiosis and mitosis, mutations and the distinction b/n genotype and phenotype |
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| include dominant-recessive genes, sex-linked genes, genetic imprinting and polygenic inheritance |
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-a chromosome abnormality
-extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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| examples of Sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities |
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| Klinefelter syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Turner syndrome, and XYY syndrome |
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| examples gene-linked abnormalities |
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| Phenylketonuria (PKU) and sickle-cell anemia |
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7 weeks into pregnancy and beyond
tell # of fetuses and sex of fetus
high frequency sound waves into woman's abdomen
no risk of miscarriage
once a month/2 times a month in 2nd trimester |
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| Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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thin tube inserted through vagina into uterus and placenta is removed
-results in 24 hours
-slightly greater risk of miscarriage
-worried about chromosomal abnormalities (while abortion still is an option) |
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16th week is optimal for this test
-hallow needle inserted through abdominal wall, takes sample of amniotic fluid
-most widely used, small risk of miscarriage, used if maternal age is high
-nice number of sloughed off skin cells
-at 16 weeks if baby is still small
-detects chromosomal and metabolic disorders |
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| Maternal Blood Screening (alphafetoprotein) |
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-between 16 and 18 weeks
-2nd month of pregnancy baby cells enter mother's bloodstream
-if alphafetoprotein is elevated, could indicate kidney disease, abnormal closure of esophagus or neural defects |
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| 12 months of regular intercourse without conception |
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| Female causes of infertility |
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| not ovulating, abnormal eggs, blocked fallopian tubes, disease that prevents implantation |
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| Male causes of infertility |
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| too few sperm, lack of motility- slow swimmers, or blocked passageways |
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| 3 reproduction techniques |
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In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) |
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| In vitro fertilization (IVF) |
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eggs and sperm combined in lab dish
eggs successfully fertilized
transferred to uterus through cervix and pregnancy allowed to begin
developed first and used more b/c surgery not needed
most effective |
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| Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) |
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-small incision surgery
-2 step procedure
egg fertilized in lab
zygotes transferred to fallopian tube in their undivided state |
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| Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) |
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-doctor inserts eggs and sperm directly into woman's fallopian tube
-allows fertilization to take place inside woman's body
-a small incision surgery |
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| Passive genotype enviornment correlations |
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| genetically related parents provide enviornment |
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| passive genotype enviornment correlation |
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| parents with a genetic predisposition for intelligence provide an enviornment where learning is encouraged, a lot of books, etc. |
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| Evocative genotype-enviornment correlation |
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| child genetic predisposition elicits the enviornment to react to them |
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| evocative genotype-enviornment correlation |
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active, smiling children receive more social stimulation than passive quiet children;
individuals who are hostile evoke aggression in others. |
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| Active (niche-picking) genotype environment correlation |
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| kids seek out enviornment based on their genes |
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| active (niche-picking) genotype environment correlation |
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| children who are good at music will want to be in band |
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