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Dental radiography
chapter 9 film processing and errors
68
Dentistry
Undergraduate 3
10/27/2013

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Term
what is latent image
Definition
the image we do not see, it appears invisible until chemical processing
Term
the first step in manual processing is?
Definition
development
Term
why is rinsing the film important in manual film processing>?
Definition
removes developer solution and stops development process.
Term
when is the film emulsion hardened?
Definition
during the fixing process
Term
the hydroquinone in the developer brings out the _____ tones, whereas the elon in the developer brings out the ________ tones on a dental radiograph?
Definition

hydroquinone brings out black tones,

while elon brings out grey tones

Term
in manual film processing the optimum temp for developer solution is?
Definition
68 degrees
Term
what are the 4 components of developer solution?
Definition

-developing agent (AKA reducing agent) contains 2 chemicals "hydroquinone and elon" it reduces exposed silver halide crystals chemically to black metallic silver and each of the chemicals produce a different tone.

 

-preservative:sodium sulfite it prevents rapid oxidation of developing agents.

 

-accelerator: sodium carbonate activates developing agents

 

-restrainer: potassium bromide prevents developer from developing unexposed silver halide crystals.

Term
the size of the darkroom is determined by what factors?
Definition

-volume of radiographs processed

 

-number of people using room

 

-type of processing equipment used (tanks vs. automatic processors)

 

-space required for duplication of film and storage

Term
if there is a leak of white lite in room it will cause what?
Definition
film fog
Term
the safelight must be placed a minimum of what distance from the film and work area>
Definition
4 feet
Term
the GBX-2 safelight filter by kodac is recommended for?
Definition
extra and intra oral films
Term
unopened boxes of film should not be stored in dark room because why?
Definition
chemical fumes from processing solutions may fog film
Term
the thermometer of manual processing should be placed in what solution?
Definition

developer solution

(optimum temp is 68 degrees)

Term
at 68 degrees what is optimal time for manual film processing?
Definition
4.5-5 minutes
Term
a replenisher is added to the processing solution to do what?
Definition

-compensate for loss of solution strength

 

-ensure uniform results between solution change

 

-compensate for oxidation

 

-compensate for loss of volume

Term
how often does processing tank get cleaned?
Definition
every time solutions are changed
Term
what chemicals are used to clean processing tank?
Definition

hydrochloric acid and water solution

or a commercial tank cleaner

Term
a breakdown of chemicals in processing solution that results from exposure to air is?
Definition
oxidation
Term
the superconcentrated solution that is added to the processing solution to compensate for the effects of oxidation is termed?
Definition
replenisher
Term
processor housing
Definition
encases components parts of automatic processor
Term
film/feed slot
Definition
opening where you insert films
Term
roller film transporter
Definition
moves film through processor
Term
film recovery slot
Definition
where processed films emerge
Term
drying chamber
Definition
uses heat to dry wet films
Term
water compartment
Definition
holds circulating water
Term
developer compartment
Definition
holds developing solution
Term
fixer compartment
Definition
holds fixer solution
Term
replenisher solutions
Definition
solutions used to maintain proper concentration and levels of developer and fixer
Term
replenisher pumps
Definition
delivers developer and fixer solutions to compartments
Term
what are 2 equipment requirements for film duplication?
Definition

film duplicator

 

and duplicating film

Term
how does exposure time effect the density of duplicating film
Definition
exposure time depends on type of duplicator and density of radiograph being duplicated.
Term
what is indicative of scratched film?
Definition
white lines cause by soft emulsion removed from film by a sharp object.
Term
how can you tell if there is static electricity on film>
Definition

thin, black branching lines

 

due to opening of film to quickly

Term
if there is a black fingerprint on film?
Definition
fingerprint artifact from finger touching film when fingers are contaminated with flouride or developer
Term
if there is a black cresent shaped mark on film
Definition
fingernail artifact
Term
how do air bubbles show on film?
Definition

white spots 

 

when air is trapped on film surface after being placed in

processing solutions.

Term
overlapped films
Definition

white or dark areas appear where there is overlap

 

due to 2 films coming in contact in processor.

Term
fixer cutoff
Definition

straight black border

 

due to low level of fixer solution

Term
developer cutoff
Definition

straight white border

 

-low level of developer solution

Term
yellow-brown stains
Definition

exausted developer or fixer

 

insufficient fixation time

 

MOST COMMON INSUFICIENT RINSING

Term
FIXER SPOTS
Definition
APPEAR WHITE OR LIGHT WHEN FIXER COMES IN CONTACT WITH FILM BEFORE PROCESSING
Term
DEVELOPER SPOTS
Definition
APPEAR DARK OR BLACK WHEN DEVELOPER COMES IN CONTACT WITH FILM PRIOR TO PROCESSING.
Term
UNDERDEVELOPED FILM
Definition

LIGHT

 

DUE TO 

-TEMP TOO COOL

-INADEQUATE DEVELOP TIME

-DEPLETED OR CONTAMINATED DEVELOPER SOLUTION

Term
OVERDEVELOPED FILM
Definition

DARK

 

DUE TO

-TOO LONG IN DEVELOPER SOLUTION

-TOO HOT

-CONCENTRATED DEVELOPER

 

Term
RETICULATION OF EMULSION
Definition

APPEARS CRACKED

 

SUDDEN TEMP CHANGE BETWEEN DEVELOPER AND WATER.

Term
LIGHT LEAK
Definition
EXPOSED AREA APPEARS BLACK
Term
FOGGED FILM
Definition

APPEARS GRAY LACK OF CONTRAST

 

DUE TO 

-IMPROPER SAFELIGHT

-LIGHT LEAK

-OUTDATED FILMS

-IMPROPER FILM STORAGE

-CONTAMINATED SOLUTIONS

-DEVELOPER TOO HOT

Term
WHAT IS INVOLVED IN PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT
Definition

-DEVELOPER

-FIXER

-RINSE

-DRY

Term
WHAT ARE THE 4 BASIC INGREDIENTS OF DEVELOPER SOLUTION?
Definition

-DEVELOPING AGENT

-PRESERVATIVE

-ACCELERATOR

-RESTRAINER

Term
WHAT IS IN FILM EMULSION THAT ABSORBS X-RADIATION AND STORE RADIATION DURING X-RAY EXPOSURE?
Definition
SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS
Term
WHAT DOES THE STORED ENERGY FROM RADIATION CREATE?
Definition
LATENT IMAGE
Term
REDUCTION
Definition

WHEN HALIDE PORTION OF EXPOSED ENERGIZED SILVER HALIDE CRYSTAL IS REMOVED.

 

IT RESULTS IN PRECIPITATED BLACK METALLIC SILVER

Term
WHAT IS USED TO GET RID OF UNEXPOSED OR UNENERGIZED CRYSTALS AND MAKES RADIOPAQUE IMAGES?
Definition
FIXER
Term
DOES THE FIXER GET RID OF BLACK METALLIC SILVER
Definition
NO IT DOES NOT HAVE ANY AFFECT ON THE ENERGIZED CRYSTALS.
Term
IN THE DEVELOPER SOLUTION THE DEVELOPING AGENT IS MADE UP OF WHAT?
Definition

HYDROQUIONE (MAKES BLACK TONES)

 

AND ELON (SHADES OF GRAY)

Term
WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESERVATIVE WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE DEVELOPER SOLUTION?
Definition

SODIUM SULFITE

 

USED TO PREVENT DEVELOPER OXIDATION AND EXTENDS LIFE OF DEVELOPER.

Term
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR REDUCING AGENT?
Definition
DEVELOPING AGENT
Term
WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL KNOWN FOR THE ACCELORATER/ACTIVATOR?
Definition

SODIUM CARBONATE

 

-PROVIDES ALKALINE ENVIRONMENT FOR HYDROQUIONE AND ELON

 

-SOFTENS THE GELATIN OF EMULSION SO THE DEVELOPING AGENTS CAN REACH HALIDE CRYSTALS.

Term
ACTIVATOR
Definition
ACCELORATOR
Term
WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL FOR RESTRAINER IN DEVELOPER SOLUTION?
Definition

POTASSIUM BROMIDE

 

USED TO CONTROL DEVELOPER TO PREVENT IT FROM DEVELOPING BOTH UNEXPOSED AND EXPOSED CRYSTALS.

 

PREVENTS FOG FOR SHARPER IMAGE

Term
THE FIXER SOLUTION CONTAINS WHAT 4 INGREDIENTS?
Definition

-FIXING AGENT-SODIUM THIOSULFATE

 

-PRESERVATIVE-SODIUM SULFITE

 

-HARDENING AGENT-POTASSIUM ALUM

 

-ACIDIFIER-ACETIC OR SULFURIC ACID

Term
"CLEARING AGENT"
Definition
FIXING AGENT
Term
WHAT ARE 2 POSSIBLE CHEMICAL FOR THE FIXING AGENT IN THE FIXER SOLUTION?
Definition

-SODIUM THIOSULFATE 

 

-AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE

Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE FIXING AGENT?
Definition
TO REMOVE ALL UNEXPOSED, UNENERGIZED SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS FROM EMULSION.
Term
WHAT IS THE PRESERVATIVE AND FUNCTION IN FIXER SOLUTION?
Definition

SODIUM SULFITE (SAME AS DEVELOPER)

 

PREVENTS CHEMICAL DETERIORATION OF FIXING AGENT.

Term
POTASSIUM ALUM IS USED FOR WHAT PART OF FIXER SOLUTION?
Definition
HARDENING AGENT TO SHRINK GELATIN IN FILM.
Term
WHY USE ACETIC ACID OR SULFURIC ACID IN THE ACIDIFIER PROCESS OF FIXER SOLUTION?
Definition

TO NEUTRALIZE THE ALKALINE DEVELOPER AND STOP OVERALL DEVELOPMENT OF FILM.  

 

PREVENTS UNEXPOSED CRYSTALS TO CONTINUE TO DEVELOP IN FIXER.

Term
HOW OFTEN ARE PROCESSING SOLUTIONS CHANGED
Definition
EVERY 3-4 WEEKS
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