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| How much blood in average adult? |
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Cellular Elements of Blood & Liquid Component |
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Cellular Elements: Liquid Component:
Erythrocytes Plasma
Leukocytes Platelets |
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Leftover liquid after clotted cells are extracted (blood removed from circulation will clot) |
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Spinning in a centrifuge (the 3 layers) |
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Definition
Draw blood, introduce anticoagulents, and spin Produces 3 layers: 1. Upper = plasma appearing as clear, yellow-tinged liquid 2. Middle "buffy coat" = contains leukocytes, white-gray color, 1% of total blood volume 3. Lower = erythrocytes; erythrocytes per volume of blood = hematocrit (40-50% men; 35-45% women), 1,000 times as many erythrocytes as leukocytes |
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Transport: O2, CO2, metabolites, nutrients, waste products to be expelled, leukocytes to injuries/infections Acts as a buffer Thermoregulation Coagulation |
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-solution with substances of varying molecular weight (accounts for 10% of total volume) -plasma proteins -salts -hormones -amino acids -gives rise to interstital fluid of connective tissue |
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Albumin - maintains osmotic balance - acts as carrier protein Alpha, Beta, Gamma Globulins Lipoproteins Coagulation Proteins |
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-anucleate -stain bright red with H& E -contain abundent hemoglobin in cytoplasm -lifespan 120 days -flexible due to membrane protein, spectrin |
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Membrane protein which strengthens membrane by linking it to cytoskeleton, enabling significant changes in cell shape without damaging it Responsible for flexibility of erythrocytes |
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| Erythrocyte Concentrations |
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differ according to gender usually 4.9 - 6.0 million/uL |
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-1/3 of cytoplasm consists of hemoglobin -a protein that carries and releases either O2 or CO2, allowing for gas transport |
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-most broken down and phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow -a few (10%) break down within blood stream |
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-involved in cellular and humoral immunity against pathogens and foreign substances -found in circulation or within tissues -leave by diapedesis or ameboid movement through tissues or chemotaxis following chemical concentration gradient -divided into two classes granulocytes and agranulocytes |
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| Granulocytes (leukocytes) |
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Definition
-contains 2 types of granules specific and azurophilic -granules contain numerous enzymes General Features: nuclei with 2 or more lobes, terminal cells with a short lifespan, few mitochondria Consist of: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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| Agranulocytes (leukocytes) |
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Definition
no specific granules (only azuriphilic) General Features: rounded or indented nuclei Consists of: lymphocytes, monocytes |
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-60-70% of leukocytes in circulation -contain nuclei with 2-5 lobes connected by bridges -metabolism allows them to survive in anearobic cellular environment such as areas of infection or inflammation Lifespan: -6-7 hour half-life in circulation -1-4 days in tissue (after which undergo apoptosis)
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In females Inactivated X xhromosome may be visualized as a small outpocketing of the nucleus known as a Barr Body |
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| Specific (secondary) Granules of Neutrophils |
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Definition
Contain: -type IV collagenase -phospholipase -complement activators -lysozyme |
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| Azurophilic (primary) Granules of Neutrophils |
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Definition
Contain: -myeloperoxidase -defensins |
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| Tertiary Granules of Neutrophils |
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Definition
| contain compounds which facilitate migration with connective tissue |
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-2-4% of leukocytes -same size as neutrophils -nilobed nucleous -cytoplasm has numerous lare, brightly eosinophilic refractile granules |
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| Eosinophils Granules Functions |
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Definition
Contain: 1. large amounts of major basic protein and other proteins which play large role in destroying antibody-coated parasites 2. histaminase - neutralizes histamine activity 3. collagenase - degrades collagen |
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| Other Eosinophil Functions |
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Definition
-digest antigen-antibody complexes -modulate inflammatory processes (inactivate chemical mediators via azurophilic granules) |
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-increase during allergic reactions and parasite infestations lifespan in blood = 10-14 days |
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-less than 1% of leukocytes -same size as neutrophils -irregular lobed nucleous that is obscured by cytoplasmic granules -function similarly to mast cells initiation of inflammatory reaction, vasodilation, and endothelial permeability -play a role in anaphylaxis -unknown lifespan
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| Cell Membranes of Basophils |
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Definition
-contain receptors for Fc portion of IgE -possess CD40L which interacts with CD40 on surface of B lymphocytes = stimulation of IgE production -basophils bind to Ige => corresponding antigen stimulates release of contents of specific granules |
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Specific Granules: contain histamine and SRS-A, which causes vasodilation during inflammatory reaction stain a deep blue color Azurophilic Granules: contain lysosomal enzymes
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-20-25% of leukocytes -range in size --> most are small (related to function or activation)
-rounded of slightly indented nuclei -thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm (contain ribosomes, mitochondria, and azurophilc granules) -ONLY ONE capable of returning to circulation after entering tissues -variable lifespan (days to years) |
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| Protection of the organism against viruses, tumor cells, and foreign compounds |
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-3-8% of leukocytes -range in size 12-20um -rounded, indented, or horseshoe shaped nucleus -basophilic nucleous with finely dispesed azurophilic granules -lifespan in blood = 4-7 days |
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Non-terminal precursors to many types of tissue macrophages -differentiation occurs after the monocyte leave the circulation Fully functioning cells serve as antigen-presenting cells Engulf and degrade foreign material, pathogens, and dead cells |
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Platelets (thrombocytes) the 4 zones |
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-fragments of larger cells (megakaryocytes) which break off of the larger cell along platelet demarcation channels -lifespan = 10 days Seperated into 1. peripheral zone 2. structural zone 3. organelle zone 4. membrane zone |
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-consits of: cell membrane outer glycocalyx contains: coagulation factors integral membrane glycoprotein receptors |
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Contains: microtubules actin filaments actin binding proteins myosin This network maintains the platelets shape |
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-found at the platelets center -contains: mitochondria, peroxisomes, 3 types of granules -alpha granules contain: fibrinogen and coagulation factors function: 1st phase of blood vessel repair and coagulation -beta granules function: platelet adhesion and vasoconstriction -gamma granules similar to lysosomes function: clot resorption
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-consists of 2 types of membrane channels 1. remnant of platelet demarcation channels 2. seqesters calcium ions to help regulate the platelets calcium homeostasis |
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-homeostasis -plugging disruptions in vessel walls -liberating factors to promote platelet adhesion, aggregation, and formation of fibrin-based clot |
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| Platelet Derived Growh Factor |
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Definition
-found in alpha granules -stimulates mitosis in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts --> encourages tissue repair
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