The parotid duct extends across the ____ muscle just inferior to the ____ before turning medially to pierce the ____.

masseter

zygomatic arch

buccinator

The muscles of facial expression are all supplied by what cranial nerve?

CN VII - the facial nerve

Where does the facial nerve exit the cranium?

Through the stylomastoid foramen (just under ear)

What is the origin and insertion,respectively, of the

frontal belly of the occipital frontalis?

origin: epicranial aponeurosis

insertion: skin of forehead

-functions in elevating the eyebrows and forehead

The facial vein passes ____ to the submandibular gland, while the facial artery passes ____ to it.

The facial vein passes superficial to the SM gland

the facial artery passes deep to the SM gland

What innervates the Temporalis?

The Masseter?

Both are innervated by the mandibular nerve

(CN V3)

What muscles are used to depress the mandible (open the mouth)?

Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid

What muscles are used to elevate the mandible (close the mouth)?

Temporal

Masseter

Medial Pterygoid

What muscles are used in protrusion of chin?

Lateral pterygoid (primary)

Masseter and Medial Pterygoid (secondary)

What muscles are used to retrude the chin?

Temporal and Masseter

What muscles are used in lateral movements of the mandible?

Temporal of same side

Pterygoids of opposite side

masseter

True or False: 

the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles mainly function in raising and depressing the hyoid and larynx during swallowing.

True

From what pharyngeal arch do all facial muscles develop?

From the 2nd pharyngeal arch.

...and all are innervated by its nerve, CN VII

The Orbicularis Oculi is supplied by the ____ branch of the facial nerve.

zygomatic

The platysma is supplied by the ____ branch of the facial nerve.

Cervical

 Where does the maxillary nerve/CN V2 exit the skull?

through the foramen rotundum

Where does the mandibular nerve (CN V3) exit the skull?

through the foramen ovale

What division of the Trigeminal nerve carries motor fibers?

CN V3

-the mandibular, supplies muscles of mastication

True or False:

The facial nerve supplies both motor and sensory function to the face.

False.

It supplies only motor function to the face, and sensory function to the anterior taste buds.

The ____ marks the boundary between the spinal cord and the medulla.

pyramidal decussation

The brainstem is made up of what 3 parts?

medulla, pons, midbrain

Arrange the following structures anterior to posterior:

optic chiasm

mammillary bodies

interpeduncular fossa

infundibulum

optic chiasm

infundibulum

mammillary bodies

interpeduncular fossa

The ___ is the place of attachment of the pituitary gland. 

infundibulum 

The ____ marks the anterior border of the hypothalamus, while the ____ marks the posterior border. 

optic chiasm - anterior border

mammillary bodies - posterior border 

The ______ functions as the somatosensory cortex of the brain. 

the post central gyrus 

The ______ functions as the motor cortex of the brain. 

the pre central gyrus 

What sulcus lies inferior to the parahippocampal gyrus? 

the collateral sulcus 

The ____ lobe of the brain lies inferior to the lateral fissure. 

the temporal lobe

(lateral fissure aka fissure of Sylvius or lateral sulcus) 

The central sulcus divides what 2 lobes of the brain? 

Frontal and Parietal 

The ____ represent the auditory cortex of the brain. 

gyri of Heschl

- located on the superior temporal gyrus, running transversely into the lateral fissure 

The _____ is the area of the brain responsible for visual perception 

occipital lobe 

The medial protrusion of the parahippocampal gyrus, overlying (when viewed ventrally) the amygdala nucleus.

uncus 

The _____ is the part of the brain that relates to taste perception and other visceral functions. 

Insular lobe

- the portion of the frontal lobe covered by the temporal lobe 

- aka insula or Island of Reil

CN III attaches to this part of the ventral brain 

interpeduncular fossa 

Describe decussation

In general, each cerebral hemisphere perceives sensations from, and controls the movements of, the contralateral side of the body.

What type of cells form myelin in the the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

(Schwann cells form myelin in the PNS)

What type of glial cells are thought to form the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocytes

-particularly their foot processes

When a nerve in the PNS is transected or seriously damaged, the nerve distal to the injury deteriorates. This is known as _____.

Wallerian degeneration

What number cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

- CN I

- exits through the foramina in the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

What number nerve is the optic nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN II

exits through the optic canal

What number cranial nerve is the oculomotor nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN III

exits through the superior orbital fissure

What number nerve is the Trochlear nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN IV

exits through the superior orbital fissure

What are the divisions of the Trigeminal nerve and where do they exit the cranium?

CN V1 - ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure

 CN V2 - maxillary division - foramina rotundum

CN V3 - mandibular division - foramen ovale

What number is the Abducent cranial nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN VI
exits through the superior orbital fissure

What number is the facial cranial nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN VII

exits through the internal acoustic meatus,

facial canal,

and stylomastoid foramen

 What number cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN VIII

exits through the internal acoustic meatus

What number cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN IX

exits through the jugular foramen

What number cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN X

exits through the jugular foramen

What number cranial nerve is the Accessory nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN XI

exits through the jugular foramen

What number cranial nerve is the Hypoglossal nerve?

Where does it exit the cranium?

CN XII

exits through the hypoglossal canal

What cranial nerves exit through the jugular foramen?

CN IX, X, XI

(glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory)

What cranial nerves exit through the superior orbital fissure?

CN III, IV, V1, VI

(oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic, abducent)

What foramena does the sphenoid bone contain?

optic canal

superior orbital fissure

foramen rotundum

foramen ovale

foramen spinosum

foramen lacerum (on border with temporal)

What foramena are contained by the occibital bone?

jugular foramen (at border with temporal)

hypglossal canal

foramen magnum

condylar canal

What are the contents of the foramen cecum?

nasal emissary vein in 1%  of population

What are the contents of the foramina in cribriform plate?

olfactory axons

What are the contents of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina?

vessels and nerves with same name

what are the contents of the optic canals?

optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissures?

Ophthalmic veins, ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), CN III, IV, VI, and sympathetic fibers

What are the contents of the foramen rotundum?

Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

What are the contents of the foramen ovale?

Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

accessory meningeal artery

Contents of foramen spinosum?

middle meningeal artery and vein

meningeal branch of CN V3

Contents of Foramen Lacerum?

artifact of dried skull - closed by cartilage in life

Contents of Foramen Magnum?

medulla and meninges

vertebral arteries

spinal roots of CN XI

dural veins

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

What are the contents of the Jugular Foramen?

CN IX, X, XI

superior bulb of internal jugular vein

inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses

meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

What are the contents of the hypoglossal canal?

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What are the contents of the condylar canal?

Emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck

What are the contents of the Mastoid Foramen?

Mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus

Meningeal branch of occipital artery

What is contained by the internal acoustic meatus?

Facial nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

labyrinthine artery

The position of this Cranial Nerve is taken to be the boundary marker between the basis pontis and the middle cerebellar peduncle.

CN V - Trigeminal

This Cranial Nerve originates from the dorsal surface of the brain stem.

CN IV - Trochlear

This Cranial Nerve supplies motor innervation to most of the extraocular muscles, as well as to intrinsic eye muscles such as the pupillary constrictor.

CN III - Oculomotor

True or False:

Neural crest cells are enclosed in the folds of the neural tube.

False

NC cells are left out of the closure of the neural tube

During histodifferentiation of the neural tube where does the majority of mitosis take place?

in the ependymal layer

What marks the boundary between the Alar Plate and the Basal Plate during histodifferentiatioin of the neural tube?

sulcus limitans

- a longitudinal groove on the inner surface of the lateral walls of the embryonic spinal cord and caudal part of the brain

What neural tube layer gives rise to neurons and macroglia?

Ependyma

What neural tube layer gives rise to the Alar Plate and the Basal plate?

Mantle layer

Which neural tube layer becomes white matter? Grey Matter?

white matter - Marginal layer

grey matter - Mantle layer

What does the Prosencephalon give rise to?

The telencephalon and diencephalon

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

What is the Telencephalon comprised of?

cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia

What does the Metencephalon give rise to?

pons and cerebellum

What does the Myelencephalon give rise to?

medulla oblongata

What does the Mesencephalon give rise to?

midbrain

Nerve cells that develop within the alar plate have predominantly _____ functions, while those in the basal plate are predominantly ______.

sensory - alar - dorsal

motor - basal - ventral

What are the origin and insertion of the Orbicularis oris?

Origin: Median plane of Maxilla (superiorly)

Mandible (inferiorly)

deep surface of skin

Insertion: Mucous membrane of lips

What is the origin and insertion of the Buccinator?

   Origin:               Mandible

Pterygomandibular raphe

Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

  Insertion:        Angle of mouth

What muscle elevates and protrudes the lower lip?

Mentalis

What are the orgins and insertions of the Orbicularis oculi?

  Origins:       Medial orbital margin

medial palpebral ligament

lacrimal bone

Insertion: skin around margin of orbit; tarsal plate

What are the origins and insertions of the platysma?

Origin: Superficial fascia of deltoid and pectoral regions

   Insertions:           Mandible

skin of cheek

angle of mouth

orbicularis oris

What are the origin and insertion of the mentalis?

Origin: Incisive fossa of mandible

Insertion: Skin of chin

What muscles presses the cheeks against the molars?

Buccinator

What property of the face allows fluid and blood to accumulate in the face after bruising?

The looseness of the subcutaneous tissue

This tendinous thickening of the buccopharyngeal fascia forms part of the buccinator origin.

pterygomandibular raphe

The muscles around the nose (nasalis, procerus, depressor septi) are supplied by what branch of the facial nerve?

 buccal branch

The most common nontraumatic cause of facial paralysis

inflammation of the facial nerve near the stylomastoid foramen

The sensory nerve for the face

CN V - Trigeminal

V1 & V2 are wholly sensory

V3 has both motor and sensory

Upon entering the orbit the Opthalmic nerve (CN V1) divides into three branches - what are they?

Nasociliary nerve

Frontal nerve

Lacrimal nerve

What are the 3 major divisions of CN V1?

Lacrimal, Nasociliary, Frontal

What nerves does the Frontal division of CN V1 give rise to?

Supraorbital and Supratrochlear

What are the divisions of the Nasociliary branch of CN V1?

Posterior Ethmoidal, Anterior Ethmoidal, Infratrochlear

What nerve does the Anterior Ethmoidal nerve give rise to?

External nasal

What are the 2 major divisions of CN V2?

Infraorbital and Zygomatic

What nerves does the Zygomatic branch of CN V2 give rise to?

Zygomaticotemporal and Zygomaticofacial

What are the 3 major divisions of CN V3?

Auriculotemporal, Buccal, and Mental

What are the divisions of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)?

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical

A lesion of what nerve would produce sagging in the inferior Orbicular oculi, leading to a dry cornea?

a lesion in the zygomatic branch of CN VII

(the Temporal branch supplies the superior orbicularis oculi)

Where is the parotid plexus located?

What does it give rise to?

Located in the parotid gland (though not supplying it with innervation)

Gives rise to 5 branches of facial nerve

The facial artery sends out what two arteries as it passes laterally to the angle of the mouth?

The inferior and superior labial arteries to lower and upper lips, respectively.

The Superficial Temporal artery ends by dividing into what 2 branches?

Parietal and Frontal branches

From what artery and where does the Transverse Facial artery branch off?

from the Superficial Temporal artery in the parotid gland

- it then runs superficially over the masseter

- supplies parotid and duct, skin of face, and masseter

The supraorbital vein and the supratrochlear vein join to form the ____ vein, which becomes the _____ vein near the medial angle of the eye.

Angular vein

becomes the  Facial vein

The facial vein drains into the ____ after meeting up with the anterior branch of the _____ .

(drains into the)  IJV

(after meeting up with the) retromandibular vein

Do the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear arteries arise from the Internal or External Carotid?

Internal Carotid

(unlike most of the arteries of the face & scalp)

True or False:

The facial nerve, external carotid artery, and retromandibular vein are all located within the parotid gland.

True

The facial vein drains into the cavernous sinus by way of the ______.

Superior ophthalmic vein

The superficial temporal vein joins the maxillary vein posterior to the neck of the mandible to form the _____.

Retromandibular vein

Which vein drains the parotid gland and masseter?

Retromandibular vein

The facial vein connects with the pterygoid venous plexus through the ____ and _____.

inferior ophthalmic veins and deep facial veins

What nerve innervates the parotid sheath?

What nerve supplies secretory fibers to the gland?

What nerve is closely associated with the parotid, passing superior to it along with the superficial temporal vessels?

Innervates sheath - Great Auricular nerve (C2 and C3)

 Secretory - parasympathetic part of Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), conveyed by Auriculotemporal

Closely associated - Auriculotemporal

Mumps is a viral infection involving what gland?

the parotid

- swelling of gland is limited by parotid sheath, especially painful during chewing b/c of compressing against mastoid process

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

Skin

Connective tissue

Aponeurosis

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium

(first 3 layers constitute scalp proper)

The first part of the maxillary artery passes

A. Deep to neck of mandible

B. Superficial to neck of mandible

C. Superficial or deep to lateral pterygoid

D. Through the pterygomaxillary fissure

A. Deep to neck of mandible

- 2nd part of artery is C

- 3rd part of artery is D, to enter infratemporal fossa

What are the branches of CN V3?

Auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal