Term
| how did the popular perception of "whiteness" change during the 20th century? and what forces promoted the change? |
|
Definition
The definition of whiteness of Europeans shifted from racial nativism/scientific racism in the early 20th century to assimilationism in the post Reed Johnson era.
* much of this is due to the fact that Reed-Johnson allowed racialists to relax their ideology
* This assimilationism did not include non-white actors such as blacks or Asian Americans
* European imms seen as assimilating faster due to the cutting off of first generation migration
* During this period, there was a consolidation of racial theory into a black/white binary.
* which included many of the excluded European “races” into the white category
* Cartoon of the Chicago Defender of Uncle Sam giving imms equal rights a good illustration of this.
Overall, this led to a simplification and widening of who was considered a 'free white person' and a black/white binary in terms of racial theory. This simplification led to confusion, however, as evidenced in the Thind, Ozawa and Cartozian cases with reference to the definition of whiteness.
- ozawa vs US 1922 "you may be white but you are not caucasian"
- US vs. bhagat thind "you may be caucasian but you are not white" |
|
|
Term
| how did the plessy v. fergussen case illuminate the complexity of "blackness" in the late 19th/20th centuries? |
|
Definition
| 1 drop- plessy was 1/8 black but still considered black under law |
|
|
Term
| describe the ozawa and thind rulings |
|
Definition
ozawa: you may be white but you are not caucasian
thind: you may be caucasian but you are not white |
|
|
Term
who said:
"under conditions of current employment it is obvious that persons coming to the united sates seekinig work would likely become either direct or indirect public charges. as a temporary measure the officers issuing visas to immigrants have been instructed to refuse visas to applicants likely to fall into this class." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how did FDR's policies towards jewish refugees evolve during the 1930s and 40s? |
|
Definition
at first: not a priority
1935: after nuremburg laws, "most humane and favorable treatment under the law;"
1938 refugee crisis: rescinds hoover's lpc order |
|
|
Term
| the reed-johnson act moved responisbility for regulating immigrant entry from the dpt of labor and commerce to the state dept. why was this important decades later? |
|
Definition
| anti-semitism in the state dept (breckenridge long) leads to major delays in visa apps during WWII |
|
|
Term
| what is the Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government to the Murder of the Jews? |
|
Definition
-- henry morgenthau's secret report to FDR
- tells that state dept is deliberately thwarting rescue of jews from hitler, therefore contributing to their murders |
|
|
Term
| before 1965, immigrants from independent nations in the western hemisphere were not quota restricted. yet many mexicans still chose to immigrate to the us illegally. why? |
|
Definition
many simply came under the bracero program or other visas and stayed without permission.
- many were migrant workers- it was easier to come illegally during the working season, then arrange to be "caught" and get a free flight back to mexico.
-Although there was not quota for the Western Hemisphere, the $8/person tax and literacy test still applied. These were seen as impediments to low-wage workers, and resulted in illegal immigration. |
|
|
Term
| what evidence supports the claim that japanese internment during WWII was "entirely political"? |
|
Definition
- military authorities didn't believe japanese invasion was possible
- no evidence of sabotage or espionage ever found, and government was advised that this would be the case
- german, italian, latin american aliens selectively deterred as well |
|
|
Term
who said the following?
"we remember that the Chinese people were the first to stand up and fight against the aggressors in this war, and in the future a still unconquerable China will play its proper role in maintaining peace and prosperity not only in eastern asia but in the whole world." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after 61 years and half a dozen congressional acts upholding or reconfirmingg chinese exclusion, congress suddenly repealed the CEA. how and why? |
|
Definition
- propaganda against japanese
- would induce chinese authorities to help keep illegal immigrants from coming |
|
|
Term
| after WWII, what two visions of the world were in conflict? |
|
Definition
| isolationism (congress) and internationalism (truman, also eisenhower) |
|
|
Term
| what were the 3 phases of the cold war and how did each affect immigration? |
|
Definition
1) era of anti-communist hysteria: DP acts of 1948, 1950, mccarren walter act of 1952
2) civil rights era; hart-cellar immigration act 1965
3) carter/reagan era: refugee act of 1980 |
|
|
Term
| what were the causes and effects of early cold war communist hysteria? |
|
Definition
causes: china revolution 1949, USSR nuke (1949), sputnik (1951), decolonization, mccarthyism
effects: nasty friends, mccarthyism, refugee legislation, freedom vs. totalitarianism, "judeo-christians" |
|
|
Term
| who did the 1948 displaced persons act discriminate against and how did it fail as a cold war measure? |
|
Definition
| - intended to limit jewish eligibility, but instead limited number of refugees that could come from communist countries |
|
|
Term
| how did the mccarren-walter act affect asians? |
|
Definition
-abolishes asian barred zone, but tiny quotas for asians
- asians outside the triangle counted as 1/2 against national quotas |
|
|
Term
| how did the mccarran-walter act affect the western hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| maintained non-quota status for immigrants from independent western hemisphere nations |
|
|
Term
| "in no other realm of our national life are we so hampered and stultitfied by the dead hand of the past, as we are in this field of immigration." |
|
Definition
| harry truman when he vetoes mccarran-walter act |
|
|
Term
| what was the effect of the hart-cellar act on immigration numbers? |
|
Definition
| increasing numbers, growth in illegal mexican immigration, "brain drain" from Asian countries |
|
|
Term
| what are the johnson freedom flights? |
|
Definition
opposers to castro's revolution are flown to US. 260, 561 arrivals 1965-73
- middle class, well educated, resettlement support |
|
|
Term
| what is the mariel boatlift? |
|
Definition
fidel castro lets people leave if they want, but only if they go directly to the us
- cubans in us illegally charter boats to go retrieve their friends and relatives from cuba |
|
|
Term
| why did the employer sanctions of the simpson-mazolli act (1986) fail? |
|
Definition
- half hearted enforcement
- meant to fail? document is "affirmative defense," no reliable ID system to verify eligibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conclusion: for gains, wages must change; change = pain
- potential benefits ignored
- no change in price/wage = no gainst to residents from immigration
if gains, even bigger redistributive effects |
|
|
Term
| what was dwight eisenhower's motivation behind operation wetback? |
|
Definition
| In 1954 Eisenhower saw undocumented immigration as a corruption of immigration laws by wealthy agricultural interests. Implemented a new head of the INS and demanded that they carry out sweeps in Mexican American communities to repatriate illegal immigrants. INS sweeps included unwarranted raids on homes and, according to INS estimates at the time, sent roughly 1.1 million Mexicans back to Mexico. |
|
|
