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| Office in the Athenian Senate. The period during which a section of the senate held the office of president |
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| 10 people who represented the poorer class and could veto Senate bills. |
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| One of the common people of Rome. |
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| A member of one of the original citizen families of ancient Rome. “an Aristocrat” |
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| 1646. War between Parliament and King Charles I. Resulted in Charles’ execution and the establishment of Parliament’s powers. Royalists vs. Cavaliers |
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| Put in power by Parliament after Charles I |
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| Takes the English throne after his father, James I. He goes to war with the Scotts, creating the need for a large army, which increases the tension between the throne and Parliament. This leads to the Civil War. |
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| An adherent of Charles I of England or a mounted soldier. |
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| An adherent of Charles I of England or a mounted soldier.It doesnt matter that they are mounted. lol Just that they are supporters of the crown during the English Civil War! |
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| Movement in support of popular sovereignty |
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| First meeting of the French general assembly. Summoned by King Louis XVI. It was brought to an end when many members of the Third Estate formed themselves into a National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution. |
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| Agreement made by the “third estate” (poor people) in opposition to King Louis XVI .Called themselves the National Assembly. |
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| Common people take control of a French fort and prison to capture Louis XVI for excution. |
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| Tyrannical rule of the post-revolutionary government. Jacobins executed thousands of people who were seen as “anti-revolutionary” |
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| Reaction to the Reign of Terror where National Convention voted to execute Robespierre and several members of his government. |
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| Leader of the French government after the French Revolution. |
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| were the radical left-wing partisans of the lower classes; typically urban laborers. They made up the largest part of the Revolutionary Army. Wanted popular democracy, social and economic equality, affordable food, rejection of the free-market economy, and vigilance against counter-revolutionaries. |
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| Legal document that grants rights or land. |
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| 1215, supposedly establishes that the King (King John) is subject to the law. Foundation for English Common Law system. |
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| Because land owning class didn’t have tons of money for horses and squires and such, they developed a style of fighting based on heavily armed foot soldiers that marched in a tight phalanx formation. They had their own land to fight for! Resulted in the conditions for political equality. |
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| Greek “lawgiver” - Progressive and egalitarian reforms. His most important establishment was that a person cannot sell himself or herself as collateral for a debt. He also encouraged reforms for the possession of private property and allowed 3rd parties to present a case in a court of law |
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| Another Greek leader who created the council of 500. Members were from 10 tribes which were made up from people in all provinces of Greece so there would be equal representation. It disrupted prior political sections that had formed due to geography |
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| Greeks argued that they were stronger warriors because they owned their own land, they spoke in their own assemblies and ruled over themselves; they were free. Persians soldiers, in contrast, were feudal peasants fighting for loyalty or because they were commanded to. |
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| Spartan children were taken from home at a young age to be trained as warriors. |
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| Resident aliens in Greece. Did the activities that had to do with exchanging money because that was thought to be base. (One of the main distinctions between ancient and modern democracy is the perspective on commerce) |
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| (council of 500) Created agenda for the Assembly. Members drawn by lot from the Assembly to participate for a year. Same as the one Kleisthenes made |
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| proponents of centralized government in post-revolution France. Led by Robespierre. |
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| Voting right all adults regardless of gender, race, sexual orientation, or disability. |
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| Right of the first born to inherit |
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| America is awesome. Fuck yeah. America has been given a divine mission and has been blessed by God, etc... At the very least, American Democracy is the best form of gvt. and we should liberate all people with. |
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| Takes elements of Democracy, Aristocracy and Monarchy to establish different branches of government with checks and balances. |
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| Honorable behaviour is expected of the nobility. This usually means patronage and benevolence towards the the lower classes. |
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| Fear that rule by the majority would be just as tyrannical and oppressive to the minority as any monarchy. |
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| Greek practice of evicting someone from the community for 10 years |
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| interrelated spheres of authority and sovereignty. Federal -- state (and local). Separation of powers within the federal gvt. |
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| Some kind of consent of the governed. The power emanates from the people. |
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| Mandate model of representation |
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| James Mill- political representatives are there to procedurally carry out the direct will of their constituency. |
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| Trustee model of representation |
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| Edmund Burke - Representatives are elected to deliberate about the right decision to make. |
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| Tendency for power to consolidate. |
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| In Aristotle’s taxonomy of governments: Democracy ruled by the people. Dangerous because there is no attention to the common good and eventually leads to tyranny. |
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| In the Greek Assembly: Equality of speech. All could speak in the assembly. |
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| In the Greek Assembly: Equality of birth (covered only Athenians of pure blood). |
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| In the Greek Assembly: Equality of political rights |
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| No system of representation. The people themselves are in charge of governing. |
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| Elected officials form a professional class of governors and lawmakers. |
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| Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations: Argument that the “Invisible Hand” will stabilize the market naturally. |
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| Nietzsche: the apparent distance between those who are “good” and those who are “bad.” Results in a lack of social cohesion and incommensurability between the nobility and common class. Loss of noblesse-oblige. |
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| Marked by a competitive struggle (very procedural). Eliminates the ideal value of the process by not giving an explanation of why the competition for votes is good. Probably includes a lot of governments most would not consider democratic (it is a very minimalist view of democracy). |
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| Values popular rule as the procedural ideal that is secured through a set of liberties. Requires some un-populist conditions in order to secure its own future (i.e. rule of law, universal suffrage, free expression). Seeks to maximize popular rule. Only the liberties required to preserve that popular rule are guaranteed. |
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| Values a set of liberties that are core to upholding human value and which are in turn secured through popular rule (democracy). Democracy as a means to an end.Through its public and private distinction, it seeks to maximize freedom of all types and give the greatest amount of control possible to the individual. |
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| Values popular rule as the procedural ideal that is secured through a set of liberties. Requires some un-populist conditions in order to secure its own future (i.e. rule of law, universal suffrage, free expression). Seeks to maximize popular rule. Only the liberties required to preserve that popular rule are guaranteed. |
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| Values a set of liberties that are core to upholding human value and which are in turn secured through popular rule (democracy). Democracy as a means to an end.Through its public and private distinction, it seeks to maximize freedom of all types and give the greatest amount of control possible to the individual. |
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| Rational deliberation (autonomy) is the ultimate human end. Democracy allows people to do this. Full, flourishing, humanity can only be achieved in rational deliberation with others (in fact, you cannot be happy unless you are living in a society that allows you to deliberate). It is very Greek in its emphasis on the importance of rhetoric and logos. |
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| More participation by more people means greater understanding of the system and better results. Democracy doesn’t work well without people who participate. Procedural argument: Participation is not the highest good, but it is important in order to keep it afloat. Ideal argument: Participating in government is the highest human good. Greek way of thinking. |
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| Most spheres should be up for popular rule. Economics and the family should be spheres of equality secured by the government. Weak distinction between public/private. Equality is the highest value and democracy is enlisted to serve it. |
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| Theory for the legitimacy of government where we give some rights in order to make a government that secures the most important rights. |
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| City state vs. communes (universitas civium) |
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| Antony Black, Communal Democracy & its History: City-communes had quasi-sovereignty and corporate legal status within the larger state. |
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| Pascalian view of human nature |
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| Man’s ends and origin are unintelligible. We can’t know so its better to believe in God since we lose nothing or gain everything rather than not believing and gaining nothing and losing everything. Pascal’s Wager. |
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| Democracy vs. aristocracy (in Tocqueville) |
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| Democracy: Equality of conditions. Contains both liberty and equality. Independent people. Free association. vs. Aristocracy: no equality. inheritance, no social mobility, less political representation, etc... |
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| Rule by a despot who uses fear/religion to exercise his will rather than the common good. Not subject to law. |
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| Ancient vs. modern liberty (Constant) |
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| Direct vs. Representative. General will (public) vs. Private judgement (private). Populism vs. Minority Rights. |
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| Madison’s definition of faction |
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| Free associations that compete for influence with the government, preventing any one interest from being dominant. Initially form when special interest groups form to get disproportionate power. The solution to factions is more factions. From Federalist papers (#10 or 51?) |
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| Master morality vs. slave morality (Nietzsche) |
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| Self identity formed in opposition (ressentiment) to an “oppressor.” master morality= priestly class, those loved by God, are good. slave morality=lowly people are turned into good people by priestly class |
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| Freedom from the economic system of the free market. Realization of the Communist Ideal. Alternative to man as individual based on man as “species being” (235) and not as a member of civil society: |
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| Private/Public distinction. In Athens, the polis was the realm of the citizen, freedom, speech, deliberation and action....Today’s democracy has reversed those values and points the freedom of private life as the main feature of democracy (states in the language of rights and liberties). |
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