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Definition
Perception of a stimulus
Consciously aware of stimulation |
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Definition
| Means by which the brain perceives information about the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized receptors are located in a specific organ |
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Definition
Receptors distributed over large parts of the body.
Include: Somatic and Visceral |
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Term
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Definition
Touch
Pressure
Itch
Vibration
Temperature
Proprioception
Pain |
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Term
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Definition
Inside the internal organs
Pain and Pressure |
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Definition
Sensitive to distortion of the cell membrane
Causes membrane channels to open |
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Definition
| Sensitive to changes in chemical concentrations of certain chemicals |
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Definition
Temperature Receptors
Located in dermis, skeletal muscle, liver, and hypothalamus
cold receptors: sensitive to cold temperatures
Warm receptors: sensitive to wam themperatures |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Detect changes in the external environment |
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Definition
| Sensitive to changes in the internal environment |
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Definition
Sensitive to changes in our body position
Located in certain regions of muscles and tnedons |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors are sensitive to typical stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
Area monitored by a single receptor
Vary in size |
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Term
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Definition
Links the receptor to the CNS
AP conducted along labeled lines are always perceived as one modality. |
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Term
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Definition
Reduction in sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation.
PERIPHERAL ADAPTATION: Occurs in PNS at receptor or sensory axon
CENTRAL Adaptation: occurs along the sensory pathway |
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Term
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Definition
Ascending tracts of the spinal cord
Path begins with some type of receptor, and ends in are of the brain
2 end in PSC: we are consciously aware
1 ends in Cerebellum: unconsciously aware |
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Term
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Definition
In the PNS
Either dendrite is receptor or synapse is connected with the receptor
Soma located in Dorsal root Ganglion
Synapse with interneurons in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
In the CNS
Receive info from first order neurons
Axons cross to other side of the body (decussation) |
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Term
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Definition
Located in the thalamus
Carry info to the cerebrum
Synapse with neurons of the Primary Sensory Cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Touch pressure pain temperature
Path begins at peripheral receptor and ends at the Primary Sensory Cortex
Decussation occurs in the spinal cord
3 tracts:
Spinothalamic tract
Spinoreticular Tract
Spinomesencephalic Tract |
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Term
| DORSAL COLUMN/ MEDIAL LEMNISCAL PATHWAY |
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Definition
Begins at peripheral receptor ends in PSC
2 point discrimination, vibration, pressure, proprioception
2 tracts:
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus |
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Term
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Definition
Passes through nucleus gracilis of medulla
Monitors lower half of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Passes through the nucleus cuneatus of the medulla
Monitors upper half of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Proprioceptive information
Receptor to Cerebellum |
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Term
| PHANTOM LIMB PAIN/ REFERRED PAIN |
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Definition
| Stimulation of neurons with in the spinal tract not stimulation of a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
Controls the activity of the effectors
(muscle, tissue types, or glands) |
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Term
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Definition
Motor pathway of the somatic nervous system
Voluntary skeletal muscle control
Controlled by primary motor cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system
Controls: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular tissue
Controlled by the: hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the CNS processing center |
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Term
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Definition
Located in the brain stem and spinal cord
Extend through the ventral root into the skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral neurons that innervate muscles
Single motor neuron and all the other muscle fibers that it innervates
*If a lower motor neuron is stimulated a muscle will contract |
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Term
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Definition
Pyrimidal
Voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
Extrapyramidal
Subconscious control
Posture and balance control |
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Term
| DIRECT PATHWAYS (LONG VERSION) |
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Definition
Voluntary control
Primary motor cortex in control
Two tracts:
Corticobulbar: controls movements of eyes face jaw neck and pharynx (involves cranial nerves)
Corticospinal: Control skeletal muscle movement
*Damage to either of these tracts does not cause complete paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulation of a specific region will result in specific muscle contraction
Size of primary motor cortex dedicated to body region is proportianal to # of motor units |
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| INDIRECT PATHWAYS (LONG VERSION) |
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Definition
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle movement.
Involves tissue of cerebrum, diencephalon, and brain stem.
Modifies commands of direct pathways
-Upper neurosns of the inderect path are located in the cerebrum and cerebellum and synapse with intermediate nuclei rather than lower motor neurons
Tracts:
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
rubrospinal tract
tectospinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
Involves nuclei of the reticular formation
Maintains posture and balance in response to ongoing movement |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in posture and balance.
Plays important role in reflex activity associated with loud noises
Helps maintain posture relative to head position
Recieves info about the position of the head from cranial nerves
Motor commands alter muscle tone, extension, and position of the neck eyes head and limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Involves red nucleus
Maintains muscle tone esp. in distal portions of the upper limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in muscle tone and balance
Muscular response to bright light sudden movement and loud noises
Located in superior coliculli |
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Term
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Definition
Adjusts activities of the somatic motor systems
Maintains background levels of muscle contractions allowing for repeated activities
Adjusts activities of indirect and direct pathways
Important in initiation of movements
Disorders associated with basal nuclei: Parkinson disease and cerebral palsy |
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Term
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Definition
Regulates upper motor neuron activity
Maintains muscle tone in postular muscles
Controls balance particularly during movement
Coordinates eye movements
Comprator: compares intended movements with current ones and adjusts activities to ensure smooth movement
Adjust activation of motor units dependant on balance and proprioception as well as past experience
Voluntary movements begin with more motor units than needed cerebellum reduces the number activated |
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Term
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Definition
| exciatory neurons of the cerebral nuclei become more active causing problems with the control of skeletal muscle movement |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: |
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Definition
| Demyelinating disorder affecting motor neurons, effect is loss of motor control only |
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