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| What factors, old and new, led to the widespread outbreak of the revolutions in 1848? Were the causes in the various countries essentially the same, or did each have its own particular set of circumstances? Why did these revolutions fail throughout Europe? What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions? Why did they sometimes clash? |
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| How would you define socialism? What were the chief ideas of the early socialists? How did the ideas of Karl Marx differ from those of the socialists? What historical role did Marx assign to the proletariat? |
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| Why did European states create police forces in the nineteenth century? How and why did prisons change during this era? |
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| What were the goals of the working class in the new industrial society, and how did they differ from middle-class goals? Why did the working class and the middle class pursue different goals? |
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| How did the industrial economy change the working-class family? What roles and duties did various family members assume? How did the role of women change in the new industrial era? |
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| What inventions were particularly important in the development of industrialism? How did industrialism change society? Why were the years covered in this chapter so difficult for artisans? How was the European labor force transformed into a wage-labor workforce? |
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| Why was Great Britain the first nation to industrialize? |
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