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| bryophytes → gymnosperms → angiosperms |
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| – forming of a new species through the geographic isolation of groups from the parent population (alla-geo) |
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| same evolutionary origin; same basic anatomical feature; ex wings of bat, flipper of whale, forelegs of horses, arms of man |
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| DIFFERENT origins; have similar functions w/ different patterns of development; wings of fly and wings of bird |
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| stages of development of embryo resemble stages in an organism’s evolutionary history; human embryo passes through stages that demonstrate common ancestry – 2 layer gastrula of hydra (cnidaria) and 3 layer gastrula similar to flatworm |
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| structures that appear to be useless but had ancestral function; ex humans (appendix and tail), horses (splints), python (legs reduced to bones) |
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| two or more harmful species that are not closely related, and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals |
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| deceptive; harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator |
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| he was wrong; amount of change based on “use and disuse” of the organ; “inheritance of acquired characteristics” (useful characteristic of one generation was transmitted to the next) |
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| Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection |
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pressures in the environment select for the organism most fit to survive and reproduce
• Chance variations occur b/c of mutation and recombination
• If the variation is “selected for” by the environment, that individual will be more “fit” and more likely to survive and reproduce
• Survival of the Fittest leads to an increase of favorable genes in the gene pool |
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| all the alleles for any given trait in the population |
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evolution can be viewed as changing gene frequencies within a population; when gene frequency NOT changing => gene pool stable => NO evolution; this only happens under the FOLLOWING IDEAL situation:
1. Population is very LARGE – (no change in allele frequency – random drift)
2. NO mutations that affect gene pool
3. Random mating
4. NO net migration in/ out of population
5. NO natural selection - Genes in population are all equally successful in reproducing |
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p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p2 = frequency of TT // 2pq = frequency of Tt // q2 = frequency of tt |
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| members have low reproductive rates and are roughly constant in size (ex. human population) |
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| – rapid growth, numerous offspring, fast maturation, little postnatal care (ex. bacteria) |
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demonstrated that the application of uv, heat, or a combination of these to a mix of methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water could result in complex organic compounds; primordial soup
• early atmosphere = CONHS (NH3, H2S, CH4) |
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