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| population of different plant and animal species interacting with one another |
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| encompasses the interaction b/w living biotic communities and the non-living environment |
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| defines the functional role of an organism in its ecosystem; where it eats, where it obtains food, what climatic factors are optimal, nature of its predators, etc...; every species has diff niche |
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| manufacture their own food; plants and some bacteria |
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must depend on other organisms to obtain food and energy
• Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores |
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| – intimate, often permanent association b/w two organisms; may or may not be beneficial; some may be obligatory (one organism cannot survive w/o the other) |
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one benefits, the other is unaffected
a. Remora and shark – remora gets food shark discards
b. Barnacle and Whale – barnacle gets wider feeding opportunities |
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Definition
both organisms benefit
a. Tick bird and Rhinoceros – bird gets food (ticks) and rhino loses ticks
b. Lichen (fungus + algae) – algae produces food for itself and fungus; fungus provided CO2 and nitrogenous wastes
c. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and Legumes – legumes provides nutrients for bacteria and bacteria fixes nitrogen
d. Protozoa and Termites – protozoa digests cellulose for termites, termites protect and provide food
e. Intestinal Bacteria and Humans – bacteria utilized food and provide vitamin K |
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Term
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Definition
benefits at the expense of the host; bacteria and fungi; live with minimum expenditure of energy
a. Virus and Host cell – all viruses are parasites
b. Disease Bacteria and Animals – diphtheria is parasitic upon man; anthrax on sheep; tuberculosis on cow or man
c. Disease Fungi and Animals – ringworm is parasitic on man
d. Worms and Animals – tapeworm and man |
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Term
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Definition
| protists and fungi that decompose dead organic matter externally |
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Term
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Definition
| live in hypoosmotic environment which causes excess intake of water; thus the fish seldom drink and excrete dilute urine |
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Definition
| is retarded by adaptations like fat, hair, and feathers |
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Term
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| autotrophic green plants; always initial step in food chain |
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| – animals which consume green plants; herbivores |
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| consume primary consumers; carnivores |
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| animals that feed on the secondary |
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Term
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Definition
– decay, nitrifying, denitrifying, nitrogen-fixing
• Decay – nitrogen in the form of NH3 is released from dead tissues
• Nitrifying – convert NH3 => NO2 (nitrite) => NO3 (nitrate)
• Denitrifying – convert NH3 => N2 then Nitrogen Fixing => NO3 |
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Definition
| orderly process by which one biotic community replaces another until a climax community is established |
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| Tropical Rain Forest biome |
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Definition
| jungles; high temp and torrential rains; epiphytes and saprophytes |
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| Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome |
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Definition
| cold winters, warm summers; beech, maple, oaks |
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| Temperate Coniferous Forest Biome |
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Definition
| – cold, dry; fir, pine, spruce; adapted for water conserving |
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| long, cold winters; spruce, moss, lichen; extreme north of Canada |
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| treeless, frozen plain; lichen, moss, polar bears |
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Term
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Definition
| – represent a reduction in rainfall on the leeward side of a high mountain |
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