1. All non-zero digits are significant

2. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant

3. A final zero or any trailing zeros in the decimal portion are significant 

Which are weaker intermolecular forces or intramolecular forces?

Ranking the Intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest?

Hydrogen Bonds

Ion Dipole

Dipole-Dipole

Dipole-Induced Dipole 

Vander Waal forces

Ion-dipole

Hydrogen Bonds

Dipole-Dipole

Dipole- Induced Dipole

Vander Waals forces

What is unique about electron configuration for transition metals?

Transition metals need to fill their d orbitals so they take an electron from the s orbital 

ie. Cu is supposed to have an electron configuration of  [Ar]4s²3d⁹ 

but instead has a configuration of 

[Ar]4s¹3d¹⁰

It is similar to Electronegativity

Helium has the greatest and Francium the lowest

There are 8 metalloids.

They are Boron (B),Silicon (S), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic(As),Antimony(Sb), Tellurium (Te),Polonium (Po) and Astatine (At).

They are found in the zig zag line on the periodic table

 It is the process of plating one metal with another using an electrolytic cell.

The metal being used to coat/being plated is made into the cathode because reduction always occurs at the cathode 

Whatever metal we want to coat will be at the anode

the metal we use to coat will be at the cathode

The energy required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its separate protons and neutrons

Nuclear binding energy is calculated by 

E=mc²

where E is binding energy

m is the mass defect- difference in mass of nuceli and total mass of its constituent protons and neutrons

c=speed of light in a vacuum 

P₁V₁=P₂V₂

Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional 

V₁                V₂

_____     = _____

   T₁                T₂   

Volume and Temperature are directly proportional 

V₁                V₂

_____     = _____

   n₁                n₂   

 Volume and the amount of gas in moles are proportional

Spontaneous and must be positive with a negative ΔG and a positive K value

Spontaneous E_^ºcell means we want the largest value

What is the difference between Fractional distillation, simple distillation and Vacuum distillation?

Simple-Good for 2 compounds that have boiling points with greater than 25^°C less than a 150^°C difference 

Fractional- Good for 2 compounds that have boiling points with less than a 25^° C difference 

Vacuum-Good for 2 compounds that have boiling points  more than a 150^° C 

i  or the Van't Hoff Factor  

which is the # of ions per molecule formed after dissolving 

Zero

Per Le Chatelier's principle,

 Changing the concentration will shift the equilibrium which way ?

Per Le Chatelier's principle,

 Changing the volume or pressure  will shift the equilibrium which way ?

when pressure increases due to a decrease in volume the equilibria is favored towards the side with fewer moles

when pressure decreases due to an increase in volume the equilibrium is favored towards the side with more moles

Electrical

Remember for galvanic cells

Oxidation occurs at the anode

Electrons flow from anode to cathode

Salt bridge keeps solutions electrically neutral

Cathodes are where the metal electrodes gain electrons

Δ H  represents what

Heat of reaction or enthalpy

Negative delta H is exothermic

Positive delta H is endothermic

1 sigma 

2 pi bonds 

1. Separate the oxidation and reduction reactions with electrons

2.  Balance the reactions

- first all non hydrogen and oxygens 

-then add water molecules to balance oxygens

-then add protons(H+) to balance hydrogens

3. Balance the charges by multiplying the rxns by how many electrons the other had

4. Make an overall rxn now that electrons are balanced 

1. Divide the composition given by their molar mass

2. Divide those values by the smallest given

1 atm is equal to 

_____ Torr

_____mmHg

________Pascals 

760 Torr

760 mmHg

101,325 Pascals

The reaction quotient  (Q) is equal to what

K is equal to what 

what is the relationship between Q and K? 

Products

____________

Reactants

K is equal to the ratio of products and reactants when equilibrium is achieved

When Q>K then the ratio of products to reactants is greater than when at equilibrium so in order to reach equilibrium  the rxns must go backwards to decrease the products and increase reactants 

When Q<K then the ratio of products to reactants is less than when at equilibrium so in order to reach equilibrium the rxns must go forward to increase the products and decrease reactants 

When Q=K then Equilibrium is reached and the ratio of products and reactants remains constant

The equivalent point is the point where the acid or base being titrated is neutralized, the PH changes drastically and can be seen on the curve in the middle of the nearly vertical segment.

1. Principal quantum number- orbital size and energy

2.Azimuthal quantum number- orbital shape

3.Magnetic quantum number- orbital orientation

4.Spin quantum number- electron spin and direction

A lewis acid can be described as 

A lewis base can be described as 

  Lewis acid -electron acceptor

Lewis base -electron donor

Bronsted Acid is a 

Bronsted Base is 

Acid - Proton (H⁺) donor

Base- Proton (H⁺) acceptor 

That has a pH change that includes the end point.

The end point is where the indicator changes color

Divide the composition percentage given by the molar mass

 Divide those values by the smallest among them

D= M/V

ΔT_b=iK_bm

ΔT is change in temperature

i= Vant hoff factor

K_b= boiling point elevation constant

m= molality of solution ( moles of solute/ kg of solvent)

Its negative and had K_f instead of Kb

Freezing Point depression

 ΔTf= - iK_f m

R in the ideal gas law is equal to what?

.0821 atm* L/ K*mol

More vapor pressure

Note : Stronger intermolecular forces means increased interactions holding a substance together thus resulting in a higher melting point, boiling point, viscosity and surface tension but lower vapor pressure

Osmotic pressure can be calculated by what equation?

π=i MRT

π= osmotic pressure

i= vant hoff factor

M= solute molar concentration

T= Temperature

Remember for osmotic pressure we factor in the Vant Hoff factor

rate expressions for the following rxn would be written as what?

aA + bB→ cC +dD

[image]

 Actual Yield

________

Theoretical Yield

3 Binary Acids- HI, HBr and HCl

4 Oxyacids- HClO₄, HClO₃, H₂SO₄ and HNO₃

Since we don't have access to a calculator on the DAT

we need to be able to estimate -log(x)

so approximately what is 

-log(1)

-log (.1)

-log (.01)

-log (.001)

-log (.0001)

-log(1)= 0

-log (.1)= 1

-log (.01)= 2

-log (.001)= 3

-log (.0001)=4

+1 when bonded to a non metal (ie H₂O)

-1 when bonded to a metal

What is the oxidation number for group 1 metals? 

ie Li, Na, K , Rb 

What is the oxidation number for group 2 metals? 

ie Br,Mg,Ca

ΔH_reaction= ΔH_products- ΔH_reactants 

ΔH is equal to heat of formation

What does a - ΔG represent?

What about positive?

-ΔG represents a spontaneous reaction meaning products are favored over reactants

+ΔG represents a non spontaneous reaction meaning reactants are favored over products

A decay that occurs when a nucleus is too large

[image]

characterized by the ⁴₂ He

A decay where a neutron is being converted into a proton

[image]

The conversion of a neutron to a proton

[image]

Changing a proton to a neutron via absorbing an electron

[image]

Decay that occurs when a nucleus is in its excited state

It is the only decay that does not change the parent nucleus

[image]

At the half equivalence point

Boiling