All of cells are found in the stomach except?

A. Mucous cell

B. Goblet Cells

C. Chief cells

D. G cells

E. Parietal cells

B. Goblet Cells

Mucous cells- secrete mucous 

Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

G cells-secrete the hormone gastrin

Parietal cells- secrete hydrochloric acid

Lymphic circulation is primarily driven by 

A. Skeletal muscle contractions

B. Lymph node contractions

C. Location of re-entry

D. Smooth muscle contractions

What is the function of the allantosis ?

A. To store uric acid and later gas exchange

B.  Interface for material or gas exchange

C.  To hold the amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo

D. To provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

It serves as storage or transport

In birds the allantosis stores uric acid  and is later used for gas exchange

What kind of organisms have their dominant generation as gameotophytes?

A. Mosses

B. Ferns

C. Quillworts

D. Pine trees

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts

which are all Bryophytes

What is one hormone that regulates blood pressure ?

A. ADH

B. Cortisol

C.Aldosterone

D.Insulin

Aldosterone which is released from the adrenal cortex

It works to increase sodium reabsorption and therefore increase water reabsorption which increases blood pressure

sympatric- when 2 groups of the same species live in the same geographic area but evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species

sympatric speciation is due to balanced polymorphism,hybridization, and polyploidy 

allopatric- biological populations of the same species become isolated by a geographical change 

Glycolysis occurs where

      A. mitochondria 

B. Ribisomes

C. Cytoplasm

The primary structure of a protein is determined by 

Gram negative cells

it give structural integrity to the Gram negatives outer membrane that has a thin peptidoglycan layer

Gram positive stains purple,

has a thick peptidoglycan layer

no outer layer

no endotoxin (LPS)

Has teichoic acids

Gram negative stains pink,

has a thin peptidoglycan layer,

Has an outer layer

Has endotoxin (LPS layer)

no teichoic acids

Algae, Plankton and Slime Molds

Simple eukaryotic organisms

can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

Mushrooms, yeasts and Molds

Eukaryotic

hetertrophic

Cell walls made of chitin

trees shrubs and flowering plants

eukaryotic

Mostly autotrophic 

Cell walls made of cellulose

Insects, Mollusks and Crustaceans 

Multicellular eukaryotes

Heterotrophic

Lack a cell wall

Most require oxygen

Protostomes undergo _____(radial or spiral) cleavage and produce________ (Viable or unviable) independent cells 

Deuterostomes undergo _____(radial or spiral) cleavage and produce________(Viable or unviable) independent cells 

Protostomes undergo SPIRAL cleavage and produce UNVIABLE  independent cells 

Deuterostomes undergo RADIAL cleavage and produce VIABLE independent cells 

What is the order of blood flow from the heart and how it returns?

_____→_____→_____→_____→_____→_____→_____

Arterioles, Tissue Capillaries, Arteries, Veins,Venules, Aorta, Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

1. Aorta

2. Arteries

3. Arterioles

4. Tissue capillaries

5.Venules

6. Veins

7. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava 

Granulocytes are white blood cells and include

________, _________ and __________

White Blood Cells

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

The light reaction if photosynthesis  produces

________, __________ and ________

NADPH

ATP 

O2

Beta-Oxidation is the catabolic breakdown of _______ to ________

A. Acetyl-CoA to Fatty Acids

B. Fatty Acids to Acetyl- CoA

C. NADH to NAD+

D. NAD + to NADH

Fatty Acids to Acetyl-CoA

Fatty Acids become oxidized to NADH, FADH₂ and Acetyl-CoA

_________, ____________ and ____________ under go

Alcohol fermenation 

which produces 

____________ and __________

Plants , Bacteria  and Fungi 

carbon dioxide and ethanol

What is the chain reaction of all pf the thyroid hormones?

TRH, TSH, T3 and T4

1. TRH-Thyroid releasing hormone is secreted and produced by the hypothalamus

2. TRH induces the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH- Thyroid secreting hormone

3.TSH induces the production of Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3

Organize the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum corneum

Stratum basale

Stratum lucidum

1. Stratum corneum

2.Stratum lucidum

3.Stratum granulosum

4.Stratum spinosum

5.Stratum basale

CLGSB

Van der Waals forces

and a hydrophobic interior 

Which of the following structures produces epinephrine?

A. Anterior pituitary

B. Adrenal Cortex

C. Adrenal Medulla

D. Posterior Pituitary

Speciation due to factors such as balanced polymorphism, hybridization, and polyploidy can be categorized as

A. Sympatric speciation

B. Allopatric speciation

C. Natural selection

D. Genetic drift

The first organisms to appear on earth were

A. Protobionts

B. Photosynthetic prokaryotes

C. Heterotrophic prokaryotes

D. Autotrophic archaea

What hormones produce female secondary sex characteristics?

A. HGH and FSH

B. ACTH and HGH

C. LH and FSH

D.TSH andHCGH

The primary and tertiary structure of a protein is determined by which of the following, respectively ?

A. tRN; hydrogen bonding

B. Structure of side chains; protein interactions

C. Hydrogen bonding; peptide bonds

D. mRNA sequence; interactions of R-groups

The intracellular transportation of substances is primarily accomplished by 

A. Myosin and actin filaments

B. Kinesin and intermediate filaments

C. Kinesin and microtubules

D. Dynein and actin filaments

During which phase of the cell cycle does the exchange of genetic  information occur?

A. Before the tetrads are formed- Anaphase I

B. Before the nuclear envelope disintegrates- Anaphase II

C. During the formation of the chiasma- prophase I

D. Before condensation of chromosomes - Prophase II

To initiate a muscle contraction, a sharp increase in which of the following would first be observed within the post-synaptic muscle cell?

A. Acetylcholine

B. Troponin

C. Calcium

A zygote undergoes radial cleavage , forming  a 2 cell embryo. These 2 cells are then split apart and their development is observed. The result would be 

A. 2 abnormal, non viable organisms

B. 2 normal , independently viable organisms

C. Complete failure to develop

D. 1 norml viable and 1 abnormal nonviable organism

A zygote undergoes radial cleavage , forming  a 2 cell embryo. These 2 cells are then split apart and their development is observed. The result would be 

A. 2 abnormal, non viable organisms

B. 2 normal , independently viable organisms

C. Complete failure to develop

D. 1 norml viable and 1 abnormal nonviable organism