• consists of a nucleus of positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons

• Negatively charged electrons are arranged outside the nucleus

What are molecules?

•  due to the interaction of their electrons

What is electronegativity?

•  ability of an atom to attract electrons

1. Covalent bonding
2. Ionic bonding
3. Hydrogen bonding

Which atom gains electron?

1. Non polar
2. Polar

What is polar covalent bonding?

• form when electrons are shared unequally
• When the two atoms sharing electrons are identical, the electronegativities are identical, and both atoms pull equally on the electrons

Due to different electronegativity and unequal distribution of electrons occur.

1. Single bond - 2 electrons
2. Double bond - 4 electrons
3. Triple bond - 6 electrons

1. An excellent solvent.
2. High heat capacity
3. Ice floats
4.  Has strong cohesion and high surface tension
5.  Has strong adhesion

What is a macromolecule?

What functional group is this?

[image]

Class name?

Examples?

Characteristics?

1. Hydroxyl
2. Alcohol
3. Ethanol, Glycerol, Sugars
4. polar, hydrophilic

What functional group is this?

[image]

Class name?

Examples?

Characteristics?

1. Carboxyl
2. Carboxylic acids
3. Acetic acid, amino acids, fatty acids, sugar
4. polar, hydrophilic, weak acids

What functional group is this?

[image]

Class name?

Example?

Characteristics?

1. Amino
2. Amines
3. Amino acids
4. Polar, Hydrophilic, weak base

What functional group is this?

[image]

Class name?

Examples?

Characteristics?

1. Phosphate
2. Organic phosphate
3. DNA, ATP, phospholipids
4. polar, hydrophilic, acid

What functional group is this?

[image]

Class name? 

Examples?

Characteristics?

1. Carbonyl
2. Ketones
3. acetone, sugars
4. polar, hydrophilic

What functional group is this?

[image]

Class name?

Examples?

Characteristics?

1. Carbonyl
2. Aldehydes
3. formaldehyde, sugars
4. polar, hydrophilic

What functional group is this?

[image]

Class name?

Examples?

Characteristics?

1. Methyl
2. Methyl
3. fatty acids, oils, waxes
4. nonpolar, hydrophobic

1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides

1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids

What are triglycerides?

1. fats and oils
2. consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

 a lipid except that one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate group

(–PO^{₃ 2–})

nonpolar

 hydrophobic

 polar

 hydrophilic

What are the examples of steroids?

cholesterol

testosterone

estrogen

What are different groups of proteins and purpose?

1. Structural
2. Storage
3. Transport
4. Defensive
5. Enzymes

1. Central carbon
2. Amino group (NH₂)
3. Carboxyl group (COOH)
4. Hydrogen atom

1.  primary structure - of a protein describes the order of amino acids.
2.  secondary structure - areas of folding and coiling within a protein
3.  tertiary structure - protein includes additional three-dimensional shaping and often dominates the structure of globular proteins
4.  quaternary structure - multiple polypeptide into a single, larger protein

1. Hydrogen bonding
2. Ionic bonding
3.  hydrophobic effect that occurs when hydrophobic R groups move toward the center of the protein
4. disulfide bonds when the sulfur atom in the amino acid cysteine bonds to the sulfur atom in another cysteine 

helps maintain turns of the amino acid chain

1. Where the genetic information of the cell is stored
2. Passes its genetic instructions to ribonucleic acid (RNA) for directing various metabolic activities of the cell.

1. nitrogen base
2. a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose 
3. phosphate group

1. Adenine—a double-ring base (purine)
2. Thymine—a single-ring base (pyrimidine)
3. Cytosine—a single-ring base (pyrimidine)
4. Guanine—a double-ring base (purine)

Which nucleotides bonds together in the DNA?

1. Adenine - Thymine
2. Guanine - Cytosine

 One strand is arranged in the 5' → 3' direction

 it begins with a phosphate group attached to the fifth carbon of the deoxyribose (5' end) and ends where the phosphate of the next nucleotide would attach, at the third deoxyribose carbon (3').

The adjacent strand is oriented in the opposite, or 3' → 5' direction.

1.  sugar in the nucleotides that make an RNA molecule is ribose, not deoxyribose
2. thymine nucleotide does not occur in RNA. It is replaced by uracil
3.  usually single-stranded and does not form a double helix

any substance that accelerates a reaction but does not undergo a chemical change itself

 it can be used over and over again.

What is chemical equilibrium?

1. Substrate specific
2. Unchanged as a result of a reaction
3. Catalyzes a reaction in both forward and reverse directions
4. The efficiency of an enzyme is affected by temperature and pH
5. The standard suffix for enzymes is “ase"

1. common source of activation energy for metabolic reactions
2. an RNA adenine nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups.

1. Allosteric enzymes
2. Competitive inhibition
3. Non competitive inhibition
4. Cooperativity

1.  Allosteric activator - induces the enzyme’s active form
2.  Allosteric inhibitor - induces the enzyme’s inactive form

 a substance that mimics the substrate inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site

 mimic displaces the substrate and prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the substrate

 substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site

 inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme which disables its enzymatic activity

 enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule attaches to an active site.