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Definition
Antigen(Ag): a substance that causes the body to produce SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES or SENSITIZED T CELLS
-Antibodies(Ab) interact with epitopes(actual site where they bind), or antigenic determinants
Hapten: antigen is combined with carrier molecules
Protein=best antigen
Polysaccharide=next best antigen
Lipid and DNA=not good antigens at all
The immune system doesn't respond very well at all to just the hapten molecule
It will bind to a carrier molecule and now the immune system will respond to both the hapten molecule and the carrier molecule |
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Antibody=globular protein called immunoglobulin(immune protein, antibody)
Antibodies are very specific.
They don't have to bind to both sides of the epitope to work.
Can make antibodies to any epitope |
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| The number of antigens-binding sites |
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Definition
Aka immunoglobulin G
Valence=2
Monomer(only 1 "Y")
80% of serum antibodies
Fix complement(starts complement cascade)
In blood, lymph, and intestine
Cross placenta(when baby is born, the only antibodies they have are the mother's IgG antibodies with a half life of 23 days)
Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protect fetus and newborn
Half life of 23 days which gives the baby long enough time to build up their own antibodies |
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Definition
Valence=10
Pentamer(5 antibody molecules stuck together)
5-10% of serum antibodies
Fix complement
In blood, in lymph, and on B cells(they use IgM as a receptor)
Agglutinate microbes; FIRST antibody produced in response to infection
Half life=5 days, doesn't last very long, IgG comes along behind this to finish off killing infection |
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Definition
Dimer
Valence=4
10-15% of serum antibodies(most prevalent in the body because it is found in all of your secretions, sweat, tears, saliva, urine...)
In secretions
Mucosal protection
Half life=6 days
It is not active until it forms the dimer |
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Term
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Definition
Major histocompatibility complex(MHC)expressed on mammalian cells
MHC class 2= outside cell binds to extracellular antigens-->called antigen presenting cell. It presents it to the rest of the immune system Helper T cell touches it and reads it, then figures out how to kill it.
Helper T cells whole job is to communicate and send signals to all other cells(B and T) talks to humeral and cellular immunity.
This is infected by HIV, without this, your T and B cells won't work.
The B cell divides into a plasma cell(which makes antibodies which only respond to that certain antigen) they make 2000 antibodies per second
Also divide into memory cells
Has memory of antigen that it just saw, it knows which antibody it will make.
Stays with you forever, the memory cell if it sees this antigen again, it will immediately divide into plasma cells and memory cells.
The process from start to finish takes around 2 weeks before memory cells are made. |
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Term
| Protective mechanisms of binding antibodies to antigens |
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Definition
Agglutination-->reduces the number of infectious units to be dealt with(1 antibody binds with two antigens)
Opsonization-->coating antigen with antibody which enhances phagocytosis
Activation of complement-->causes inflammation and cell lysis(IgG and IgM can start the cascade)
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity-->antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophil's, and NK cells
Neutralization--> do this to virus, bacterium, and toxins |
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Definition
| The amount of antibodies in serum |
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Definition
| Occurs after initial contact with antigen |
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| Secondary(memory or anamnestic)response |
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Definition
Occurs after second exposure
anamnestic response kicks in so fast it kills the microbes before they have a chance to infect you |
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| Naturally acquired active immunity |
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Definition
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| Naturally acquired passive immunity |
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Definition
Transplacental or via colostrum(first milk has IgA, protects from a lot of GI tract infections)
Immunity from mother |
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Term
| Artificially acquired active immunity |
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Definition
| Injection of ANTIGEN(vaccination) |
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| Artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Definition
| Injection of ANTIBODIES such as tetanus and botulism |
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Definition
The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
Plasma=liquid portion of blood
Serum=let blood clot naturally, then get rid of clot and everything that causes clotting |
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Definition
The generic term for serum because it contains antibodies
Antibodies contained in serum |
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Definition
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Serum fraction containing antibodies
Pre-formed antibodies |
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Definition
The use of drugs to treat a disease
Any drug, any disease
When we take aspirin for a headache, we are using chemotherapy to treat the headache
We think of this as dealing only with cancer, but it is any drug, any disease |
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| Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host |
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A substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
Example: penicillin
We use this term very loosely, we call things that are synthetically made antibiotic when they really aren't because they aren't made by another microbe. |
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Term
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Definition
A substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
Example: penicillin
We use this term very loosely, we call things that are synthetically made antibiotic when they really aren't because they aren't made by another microbe. |
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Term
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Definition
Killing harmful microbes without damaging the host
Sometimes it is not possible to aim antibiotics at selective things because they are eukaryotic cells and look too much like our cells. This will cause damage to the host(us). This can cause a lot of side effects, most commonly in the kidneys and liver due to the filtration system of our bodies. |
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Definition
| The organism that is in the soil that gives it the "soil smell" It smells like freshly tilled soil |
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