pregastric (reticulo rumen) 64

postgastric (cecum) 5 (colon/rectum) 5-8

total = 75

to make use of cellulose and hemicellulose ruminant animals' microbes make an enzyme called cellulase

feed in

volitile fatty acids, and long chain fatty aicids and vitamins out

calf has 70% abomasum and 30% everything else

cow has 80% rumen and 7% abomasum

esophagus, reticulum (honeycomb), rumen, omasum (manypiles), abomasum (true stomach), small intestine

rumen cows left side

omasum, an most of abomasum on right side

abomasum displacement is to th left (after birthing)

diet change close to calfing, high fiber to high grain, if done too fast the abomasum moves to the left side = animal cannot eat and is in pain

cows need to eat alot after birth to prevent flip

honeycomb: structure to capture objects

-area that farmers feed magnets to

-this is the origin of contractions, rumination and eructation

(primary contractions of rumen followed by secondary)

large fermentation vat (up to 250 lbs)

large absorption surface because of papillae

usually contains 80-90% water

pH between 5.5-7.0 due to saliva

full of methane

prone to acidosis damage (acidic diet change) = philli damage

500,000 billion bacteria (>60%), 50 billion protozoa (20%) and dozens of fungi

eructation = release of gas produced by microbes

strictly anaerobic

the mass of the bacteria and protozoa can equal as much as half the dry weight

controls intake

~2-4 inches long

high grain diets=eats more

high wheat diet = eats slower

manypilies

regulates flow from the rumen

"leaves" help reduce particle size

Buffer salts are absorbed in this segment

small peptide absorption (di-peptide)

"true stomach"

(can become displaced)

only gastric compartment

-secretes HCL, Pepsin, and mucus

lysozyme (in mucus) breaks down bacterial cell walls

starh fermenters

cellulose digesters

sugar fermenters

-prey on bacteria

-enfulf starch

-role in N reccycling

cow produces 30-50 liters/hour of CO2 and CH4

if the cow cannot eructate then it gets bloat

rumen contraction forces gas to the back then forward where it is forced up the esophagus to the trachea

death from bloat occurs becasue of anoxia (lack of O2) as a result of the pressure on the diaphragm

-bloat relief = put hole in rumen

the rumen is 103 degrees F due to fermentation

up to 7% total energy is lost

asset in cold stress

liability in heat stress

5-10% gross energy can be lost as methane (CH4)

methane is the highest when feeding forages and lowest with grain diets

ruminants contribute less than 5% of all methane released to atmoshpere

neonates are monogastrics

sterile rumen

inoculated by mother

nearly functioning rumen by 40-50 days

nursing reflex causes esophageal (reticular) groove to shutle milk directly to omasum

abomasum largest compartment

0 to 12 hours needs colostrum (2 quarts)

~1-2 days milk replacer

~1 week starter

1-2 months = weaned (~150lbs)

bred at 12-14 months (~800lbs)

-protein source

skim milk, buttermilk whole whey delactosed whey, casein milk albumin whey protein concentrate

-fat sources

lard, tallow stabilized greases

-CHOs

lactose, glucose, dextrose (corn sugar)

rumen bacteria break down soluble proteins into peptides and ammonia

only soluble proteins are degraded because the enzymes are on the surface of the bacteria

bacteria synthesize protein from the peptides and ammonia

bacterial protein is digested in the small intestine

bacteria produce urease which converts urea to NH3

bacteria then converts NH3 to bacterial proteins

enzymes in S.I. breakdown proteins to amino acids which are absorbed

mammary gland converts amino acids to milk protein

rumen bacteria convert urea to ammonia 4 times faster than they can convert ammonia to bacteril protein.... thus excess urea can casue "urea toxicity" which is actually ammonia toxicity

rules for feeding urea

1% of total diet

3% in grain mix

1/3 of supplemental protein

which ever of these is the lowest

forage diets provide cellulose that through anaerobic fermentation in the rumen produce

65% Acetate (C2)

20% Propionate (C3)

10% Butyrate (C4)

grain diets provide starch and sugar which provides amlyase, through anaerobic fermentation it provides

55% Acetate (C2)

35% Propionate (C3)

5% Butyrate (C4)

they are absorbed by rumen papillae and then first to the liver by the portal vein

Acetate (C2) is converted to energy and lipids via lipogenesis

Propionate (C3) undergoes gluconeogenesis to become glucose

Butyrate (C4) becomes energy

function like monogastrics

have more polynucleotidase enzymes however

it is an important source of energy

(anything greater than 6% added fat is toxic to rumen bacteria-especially unsaturated fatty acids=coating of fiber particles makes fiber digestion impared)

(typical = 3-3.5% total fat)

fatty acids can be poorly digested

fats can reduce feed intake

calves (non functioning rumen) need higher fat in milk replacers (20-22%) for high energy requirements

78.8 Mega cals per day (gross energy)

-digestable energy 63.8Mcal

-metabolizable energy 52.3Mcal

-net energy 33.2Mcal

(Maintenance 10.3 Mcal-13%)

(Gestation 3.1 Mcal)

(lactation 17.2 Mcal -22%)

white muscle disease (calf)

cardiomyopathy (heart)

dietary cobolt

glucose synthesis which is extremely important for ruminants

(start with propionic acid...the methylmalonyl-CoA converted to Succinyl-CoA is done by Vit B12, this then is turned to glucose by gluconeogenesis)

deficiency=weight loss, wasting, listlessness

milk fever

loss of $10 million per year

high producing animals 12-72 hours post calving

Blood Ca drops

(normal 8.5-10 mg/dL hypocalcemia 2-7 mg/dL)

treatment=Ca gluconate intravenously

ultimate level for diet = .16-.24%

sulfur not typically problem in diets with an adequate level of protein

rumen bypass (protected) methionine

....

deficiency=reduced weight gain/appetite

dullness,weakness,emaciation, Decrease DM digestibility and milk production

Toxicity=decrease intake, poor growth, polioencephalomalcia (star gazing/grey matter swelling)

death

too little magnesium in cattle

(hypomagnesmia)

when eating fresh spring forages (spring flush)

-involuntary contraction of muscles due to increases frequencyof action potentials

-prevent by feeding magnesium 2 weeks before turning out or feed hay before turning out to fill them up

holsteins can tolerate 100ppm

jerseys can tolerate up to 50 ppm

can be caused by vit E deficiency

but also seleniumm deficiency

less than .1ppm

quick death

changes in hair coat, weight loss, inflamed eyes, diarrhea, unccordinated movemetns, inflamed mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract

added to the diet to help reduce acid load placed on the rumen when high levels of grain are fed or when hay and grain are fed separately

(lactating dairy cows)

(ideal pH=~6.5-6.8)

sodium bicarbonate is most common

0.75% DM most common

MgO (alkalinizer) also used at 45-90 g/hd

high producing cow gives most consistent response

increases protozoa number

higher rumen pH

improved fiber digestion

(lactic acid acidosis)

diet change too quickly

>90% grain diet decreases rumen protozoa

(accidental feed break ins)

saliva basic solution (7.5-8pH)

cows swallow 200L/day (52.8 gallons)

rumen  has no mucus membrane so acid damage can happen to lining

develops 12-48 hours and death in 48h (severe)

mild-off feed, stand apart, watery diarrhea, milky gray feces

moderate-weak, staggering, diarrhea, may look full or bloated, decreased rumen motility, kicking at stomach

severe-muscle tremors in shoulders, liver abscesses, may go down, comatose, and death

increase roughage levels, backing soda (.75%diet)

re-innoculate, electrolytes, antibiotics, thiamin, antihistamines, empty rumen

gas (mostly CO2)

gas formation exceeds elimination

....

Dry/Free bloat

-obstruction of esophagus, over-filling of rumen, paralysis of rumen

Frothy or pasture bloat

-gas trapped in frothy rumen contents

....

feeding legumes (clover/alfalfa) containing soluble proteins and saponins

relieve gas

-stomach tube preferred, trocar or needle into left side at 2 o'clock

surgury if chronic

....

Bloat Guard (poloxalene) - break up foam

ionic surfactant, daily ration or mineral block

 ...

also mineral oil or feed

...

prevent with high roughage rations, avoid finely ground grains, use anti-foaming agents, long mature grasses

BSE

progressive, degenerative, fatla diseas affecting the central nervous system

-cause abnomral folding of a prion (protein)

occurs over 3-10 year incubation period

epidemic peaked 1992-93 in Britain (>1000 cases a week)

-prion proteins very resistant to denaturation

(acetonemia) (twin lamb disease, pregnancy toxemia)

1-6 weeks after calving

overly fat cows most suceptible

off feed and severely hypoglycemic

decreased milk production

acetone smell on breath, milk, and urine, death

...

treat:iv glucose, .5-1lb propylene glycol per day

prevent: feed palatable high-energy diet, keep cows weight down in dry period

Nitrate toxicity

NO3 is consumed in excess and converted to NO2 in the blood...after attaching to hemoglobin (Fe2+ to Fe3+) metaglobin cannot transport oxygen which leads to death by asphyiation

>70% methemoglobin = death

30-50% = fatigue, confusion, dizziness

<10% no effect

max

calves <6 months = 700ppm

6 to 12 months = 1000 ppm

bred heifers = 1500 ppm

lactating cows = 1500ppm

dry cows = 2500ppm

young plants, lower portions of the plants

drought damaged corn silage

heavily fertilized wheat, rye, sunangrass, srghums

weeds = johnsongrass, nightshade, ragweed

dry cows fed high Ca and low P diets

parathyroid gland becomes sluggish

when cow calves parathyroid is slow to respond

=hypocalcaemia (10 drops to 5 mg/100 dL)

occurs within 3 days of mature cow giving birth

paralysis in hind legs

cost $10 million per year

Ca drawn from blood faster than can be absorbed from GIT

Treat: iv Ca gluconate

parturient paresis

feed anionic diet during dry period (high Cl, PO4, SO4)

feed a Ca deficient diet for 10-15 days before calving

these two exercise the parathyroid

20 million IU of vit D per cow for not more than 7 days before calving

every 20-40 seconds

one to two per minute

rate of passage = 6-9% per hour

high milk yield (60-90lbs/day)

high input cost

profit made on milk volume

(Japan, USA, Canada, Italy, Netherlands)

low production cost

pasture-based system

less milk (30-50lbs/day)

profit made on low cost

(Australia, New Zealand, Ireland)

low production (10-20lbs/day)

margin feeds (locally harvested)

family source of food and income

small numbers of cows (1-10)

buffalo and local breeds

(dominican Republic, Egypt, Africa, Russia)

Bos indicus - warm climates (more red blood cells for fighting off parasites) (Gir)

bos taurus - colder climates (Holstein)

half Bos indicus (warm climate) and half Bos taurus (cold climate)

Gir and Holstein cross

good for tropical and semi-tropical regions

in Brazil

zoonosis

fertility problems (from drinking milk)

-women abortions

-infertility in me

can still eat milk

number of cycles of the vacuum (Pulsation rate) is usually about 45-60 per minute

pulsation ratio (time machine is in milk phase vs rest phase should be between 50/50 and 60/40