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| ministers, intellectuals, social workers, and lawyers joined, focused national attention on the need for tenement house laws, more stringent child labor legislation, and better working conditions for women. They brought pressure on agencies for better parks, playgrounds, nurseries, schools, etc. More interested in social cures than individual charity. |
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| Women’s Christian Temperance Union |
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| headed the purity crusade, had a quarter of a million members, workers drank away their wages, drunkenness caused violence. |
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| together with the WCTU, they pressed to abolish alcohol and the places where it was consumed, the succeeded in 19 states and pushed for nationwide law. 18th amendment – prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquors in 1920. |
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| National American Woman Suffrage Association |
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| by 1920 had over 2 million members, believed in organization and peaceful lobbying to win the vote. |
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| 1900, a superb organizer, became president of the NAWSA |
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| in 1918, the house passed a constitutional amendment stating that the right to vote shall not be denied on account of sex. The senate soon followed, and so did states. Took effect in 1920. |
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| new doctrine that emerged out of progressivism- rejected divine/natural laws in favor of thoughts and actions that worked – came from William James – truth should work for the individual and work in action. |
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| most influential educator of the progressive era – applied pragmatism to educational reform, he argued that thought evolves in relation to the environment, and that education is directly related to experience. Introduced an educational revolution that stressed children’s needs and capabilities, he opposed memorization, rote learning, and authoritarian teaching methods; he emphasized personal growth, free inquiry, and creativity. |
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| lawyers and legal theorists rejected the older view of the law as universal and unchanging, they instead viewed it as a reflection of the environment – sociological jurisprudence – related the law to social reform instead of only to legal precedent. Pioneering legal brief that was the first in United States legal history to rely not on pure legal theory, but also on analysis of factual data, he collected empirical data from hundreds of sources. |
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| 1908. Landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health. |
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| Socialist party of America |
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| socialism – reformist political philosophy – urged workers to overthrow capitalism – enlisted intellectuals, factory workers, disillusioned populists, tenant farmers, miners, and lumberjacks. Aimed at urban proletariat, but drew support from rural areas, gained support and tripled in membership. |
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| argued for a more moderate form of socialism, president of the American Railway Union, 1896 – formed a rival organization – the Social Democratic party, formed the Socialist party of America. Urged a worker’s republic. |
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| National Municipal League |
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| 1894 – urban reform movement- forum for debate over civic reform, changes in the tax laws, and municipal ownership of public utilities, improving the quality of city life. |
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| Galveston, Texas form of government (response to 1900 hurricane) |
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| pioneered the commission form of government: municipal government in which commissions of appointed experts, rather than elected officials, ran the city. |
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| Tom L. Johnson of Cleveland, Ohio |
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| demonstrated an innovative approach to city government. He was a millionaire who made his fortune by manipulating city franchises, he turned to reform, he was elected mayor of Cleveland and collected a group of aggressive and talented young advisers – he combined shrewdness and showmanship – believed in informed citizenry, held outdoor meetings, cut down on corruption, updated taxes, made Cleveland the country’s best governed city. Turned more to public ownership of gas, electricity, water, and transportation – ‘gas and water socialism’ – cities owned their own utilities. |
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| allowed voters to propose new laws; backed by progressives to make officeholders responsive to popular will |
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| allowed them to accept/reject a law at the ballot box; backed by progressives to make officeholders responsive to popular will |
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| gave them a way to remove an elected official from office; backed by progressives to make officeholders responsive to popular will |
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| 1912 – provide for the direct election of U.S. senators. |
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| Wisconsin’s Robert M. “Fighting Bob” La Follette |
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Definition
| became the most famous reform governor, staunch republican, served 3 terms in congress, he became interested in reform, became governor, put together “Wisconsin idea” – reform program – established an industrial commission to regulate factory safety and sanitation, improved education, workers’ compensation, public utility controls, and resource conservation, lowered railroad rates and raised railroad taxes, first to adopt state income tax. |
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| “the laboratory of democracy” |
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| Teddy Roosevelt called it Follette’s Wisconsin this, the Wisconsin idea spread to other states. |
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| President William McKinley |
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| died of gunshot wounds, VP Teddy took over. |
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| President Theodore Roosevelt |
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| youngest president at 42, open , aggressive, high-spirited, invited Booker T Washington to dinner at the white house. ‘trustbuster” – wanted to dissolve the nation of bad trusts that were hurtful to the general welfare. |
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| Northern Securities Company |
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Definition
| 1902 – he instructed the justice department to bring suit against the company for violation of the Sherman antitrust act, the company controlled the massive rail networks of the northern pacific, great northern, and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads, the supreme court in a 5 to 4 decision, upheld the suit against the company and ordered the co. to be dissolved. |
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| united mine workers demanded wage increases, an 8 hour day, and company recognition in the union, the coal companies refused, the miners walked off, the mines closed, Roosevelt was pissed, he invited both sides to a conference, but the companies refused to compromise, so he ordered the army to seize the mines, but at the last second the companies accepted, and the workers returned, during the 1904 campaign, Roosevelt called his action in the coal miners’ strike a ‘square deal’ for both capital and labor. |
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| strengthened the rate-making power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, it increased membership on the ICC from five to seven, empowered it to fix reasonable maximum railroad rates, and broadened its jurisdiction to include all oil pipeline, express, and sleeping car companies. ICC orders were binding, so the burden of proof of injustice was placed on the companies. Major step in Ted’s plan for continuous expert federal control over industry. |
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| Meat Inspection Act of 1906 |
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Definition
| set rules for sanitary meatpacking and government inspection of meat products. Brought to light after reading The Jungle. |
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| passed more easily than MIA, Samuel Hopkins Adams – muckraker – exposed the dangers of patent medicines in articles, the medicines contained mostly alcohol, drugs – he wanted regulation – Teddy reorganized the AMA, and the act passed, requiring manufacturers to list certain ingredients on the label – pioneering effort to ban the manufacture and sale of misbranded or unsanitary foods and drugs. |
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| Roosevelt loved nature and the wilderness, wise use of natural resources, not locking them away. |
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| chief of the Forest Service, est. first comprehensive national conversation policy. |
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| President William Howard Taft |
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Definition
| Republican, fled from fights, disliked political maneuvering, 300lbs, lazy, honest, kind, tariff, business regulation and issues split the Republican Party between progressives and conservatives, he often sided w. conservatives. |
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| Payne-Aldrich Act of 1909 |
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Definition
| called for higher rates than the original house bill, but it lowered them from the Dingley Tariff, it was unpopular and helped discredit Taft and revealed tensions in Republican Party. |
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| secretary of the interior |
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| Ballinger-Pinchot controversy |
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| offered for the sale of a million acres of public land that Pinchot – chief forester – had withdrawn from sale, Pinchot was pissed but Taft supported Ballinger, he wrote letters in magazines and sent a letter to the senator of Iowa to read to the senate. Taft fired him, which made Taft lose support. |
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| authorizing an income tax – took effect in 1913. |
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| anti-Taft and progressive republicans – named Roosevelt for pres. |
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| progressive party, a quote Teddy said. |
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| Roosevelt’s program – demanded a national approach to the country’s affairs and a strong president to deal with them, called for efficiency in government and society; urged social-justice reforms for women, workers, and kids, encouraged large concentrations of labor and capital. |
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| Wilson’s program – emphasized business competition and small government. |
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| states’ rights democrat, wanted to rein in federal authority, using it only to take away special privilege, release individual energies, and restore competition. Attacked Ted’s planned state, and echoed the progressive part’s social-justice goals, vital issue was a free economy. |
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| 1913, first tariff cut in 19 years, lowered rates about 1% and removed duties from sugar, wool, and other consumer goods, to make up for lost revenue – it levied a modest graduated income tax, imposed 1% tax on individuals and corporations earning more than $4,000 a year and another 1% for those earning over $20,000. |
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| 1913 - banking reform, most important domestic law of his administration – established the country’s first efficient banking system since Jackson’s killing of the 2nd bank of the U.S. – it created 12 regional banks – each to serve the banks of its district, the regional banks answered to a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the pres – governed the nationwide system. Compromise law. |
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| 1914 – completed Wilson’s initial legislative program –outlawed directorates and prohibited unfair trade practices, it forbade pricing policies that created monopoly, and it made corporate officers personally responsible for antitrust violations. Declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade, outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes and approved lawful strikes. |
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| named to the supreme court, the first jew to serve. |
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| Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 |
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| created a federal farm loan board to give farmers credit similar to the Federal Reserve’s benefits for trade and industry. |
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| first black woman millionaire and pioneer in development of beauty products for black women. |
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