All living things are made up of cells

   Cells hold the structure and function of all living things

  All cells come from pre-existing cells

  First came up with general idea of cells

Coined term “cells” and found plant cells.

 Came up with cell theory

 Anabolic, metabolic, catabolic

Anabolic - put together

Catabolic – break down

 Metabolic - both

Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

 Animal cell has centriole

   Animal cell has lysosomes

  Animal cell has small vacuoles

 Plant cell has big vacuoles

   Plant cell has cell wall

  Plant cell has chloroplast

 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

    Prokaryote cells genetic material is not in the nucleus.

    Prokaryote cells are generally smaller.

    Prokaryote cells are less complicated.

   Eukaryote cells contain a nucleus in which genetic material is held

 Eukaryote cells are generally bigger.

Eukaryote cells are generally more complicated.

Mitochondria

    Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

    Found in Plant and Animal cells

  Chloroplasts are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

 Found in only Plant cells.

 They produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.

  Found in Plant and Animal cells.

   The endoplasmic reticulum

is the site where lipid

components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are

exported from the cell.

The function of the golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or section outside the cell.

 Found in Plant and Animal cells.

 One function of lysosomes is the digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They also break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.

  Found in only Animal cells.

Vacuoles store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

 Found in Plant and Animal cells.

 The cytoplasm is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain it’s shape. It is also involved in movement.

Rosalind Franklin

Took x-rays that discovered DNA.

Maurice Wilkins

Stole her pictures and sent them to Watson and Crick.

 Watson and Crick

 Got Nobel Prize for discovering DNA and the composition of DNA.

  Received Nobel Prize in 1962 for Physiology and Biology.

 Chargaff

Realized that the Nitrogen Base’s pair up and the order they do so in.

3 Things That Make Up DNA

1.     Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)

2.     Phosphate Ground

3.     Nitrogen Base

a.     Adenine

b.     Guanine

c.      Cytosine

d.     Thymine

  Double-helix structure

1.     Adenine – Thymine

2.     Guanine – Cytosine

 First of all, everyone and everything is made up of DNA, so without DNA, there would be no life. Also, to create life, you pass on DNA.

  Since volume increases faster than surface area, the ratio of volume to surface area decreases. The decrease creates problems for the cell because if a cell gets too large, it would be harder to get sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in, and waste out.

1.     There is controlled cell growth because if a cell gets too large, it’s more difficult to get good amounts of oxygen and nutrients in, and waste products out.

2.     One example of controlled cell growth is cell division and another is the decrease in cell’s ratio of surface area to volume.

1.     When skin cells are reproducing, and they hit another cell, they automatically stop growing. If they skin cells do not stop reproducing after bumping into another cell, then that can create mutations.

2.     An example of uncontrolled cell growth is cancer.

1.     G1:

a.     Period of activity in which cells do their most growing

2.     S phase:

a.     Chromosomes are replicated and the syntheses of DNA molecules take place.

3.     G2:

a.     Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

The chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope breaks down.

 The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

  The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.

The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and loose their distinct shapes. Two nuclear envelopes will form.

   Cytokenesis

     The cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

1.     Tay-Sachs is a genetic problem handed down from both parents. If one letter is off, than the gene is wrong, giving the child Tay-Sachs.

2.     Tay-Sachs is when fat builds up in their brain and eventually starts to suffocate the brain and their progression goes backwards.

1.     Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic problem where three letters in DNA are missing, creating faulty genes and so protein is the wrong shape.

2.     People with Cystic Fiborsis only life until 30 at most. Mucus gets stuck in their lungs and it becomes harder and harder to breath.

 is a cell with both sets of homologous chromosomes (2N)

Crossing Over is when tetrads exchange portions of their chromatids. It occurs in Prophase.

D.    Steps of Meiosis

1.     Meiosis I:

                                                                a.     Normal Cell

                                                               b.     Interphase

                                                                c.     Prophase

                                                               d.     Metaphase

                                                                e.     Anaphase

                                                                 f.     Telophase

                                                                g.     Cytokenesis (Cell divides, forms two daughter cells)

                                                                a.     Two daughter cells divide

                                                               b.     Forming two more cells (goes through all stages except Interphase)

    You contract E. Coli by food and water

     Saacharomyces is also known as yeast

    Cilia are microtubule-based hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of almost all cell types of the human body. 

     Filaments that can be fired at a predator.

Budding and binary fission have to do with cell division.

1.     Angiosperm are flowering seed plants

2.     Male part: stamens

3.     Female part: pistil

a.     Born in 1822 in Czech Republic

b.     Worked as a teacher and preformed research on the hereditary of pea plants

   Homozygous: term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a specific trait.

    Heterozygous: term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait.

    Dominant: relating to or denoting heritable characteristics that are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring even when inherited form only one parent.

     Recessive: relating to or denoting heritable characteristics that are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e. when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.

 Phenotype: Physical characteristics of an organism

Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.

1.     Brown eyes

2.     Curly hair

3.     Freckles

4.     Nearsighted eyes

5.     Long eyelashes

6.     Detached earlobes

7.     Dimples

8.     Widow’s peak hairline

1.     Blue eyes

2.     Straight hair

3.     No freckles

4.     Normal eyes

5.     Short eyelashes

6.     Attached earlobes

7.     No dimples

8.     Straight hairline

   A karyotype is a test to identify and evaluate the sixe, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Extra, missing, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person’s growth, development, and body functions.

1.     The separation of the parental genotype form (Bb) and (Bb) on either side of the Punnet Square represents meiosis. Each single letter represents a possible haploid condition in either an egg or a sperm, whereas the double letters represent a diploid condition.

2.     Conventions

a.     Male alleles on top of Punnet square – female alleles on the left

b.     Dominant allele (upper case) written before recessive allele (lower case)

Half of all sperm (haploid) carry the X chromosome and half carry the Y chromosome, while 100% of all eggs (haploid) carry only the X chromosome. Genes are only carried on the X chromosome. As a result, females must receive two recessive alleles to exhibit any particular characteristic associated with one of these genes, while males need only receive one allele. Only females can be true heterozygous.