Term
| 4 components of cytoplasm |
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Definition
1. cytoplasmic matrix
2. organelles
3. inclusions
4. cytoskeleton |
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Term
| 8 components of cytoplasmic matrix |
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Definition
1. aqueous gel
2 ions
3. amino acids
4. nucleotides
5. proteins
6. glucose
7. ATP
8. other metabolites |
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Term
| 6 organelles in cytoplasm |
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Definition
1. annulate lamellae
2. endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
3. golgi complex
4. vesicles - coated, endosomes, lysosomes, secretory vesicles
5. mitochondria
6. peroxisomes (microbodies) |
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Term
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Definition
(a) stacks of parallel lamellae contaning pores
(b) occur in rapidly dividing cells
(c) function - unknown |
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Term
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Definition
(a) largest membranous system in cell
(b) consists of tubules and vesicles
(b) has smooth and rough ER |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnected tubules and vesicles |
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Term
| Smooth ER - location/cell type |
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Definition
(a) cells that specialize in lipid metabolism (ex. hepatocytes)
(b) cells that specialize in steroid synthesis (leydig cells)
(c) most cells don't have abundant sER |
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Term
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Definition
1. synthesis of fatty acids, lipids, steroids, and triglycerides
2. detoxification of lipid soluble drugs
3. sequester Ca2+ from cytosol (sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells)
4. reformation of nuclear envelope during telophase
5. in mega karyocytes - defines platelet demarcation zones |
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Term
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Definition
(a) continuous with outer nuclear membrane and sER
(b) contains ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
(a) cytoplasm that takes up basic stains
(b) due to high concentration of ribosomes that pick up stain
(c) in neurons, known as Nissl substance |
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Term
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Definition
| ergastoplasm of neurons; high concentration of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| promenant in secretory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| post translational modifications of newly synthesized proteins |
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Term
| free ribosomes send proteins to what 4 places? |
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Definition
1. nucleus
2. mitochondria
3. chloroplasts
4. peroxisomes |
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Term
| membrane bound ribosomes send to what 3 places |
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Definition
1. plasma membrane
2. secretory vacuoles
3. lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
sequence in mRNA that codes for 20-25 mostly hydrophobic amino acids
(b) binds to signal recognition particle |
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Term
| 4 steps of protein synthesis on rER |
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Definition
1. signal peptide and SRP interact
2. SRP-growing polypeptide chain-ribosome complex binds to a SRP receptor and is directed to protein translocator
3. translocator directs through rER membrane to eER lumen
4. cleave of signal pap tide and initial glycosylation occur in cisternae |
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Term
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Definition
(a) in all cells, but prominent in secretory cells
(b) arranged perinuclear or polarized |
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Term
| golgi complex - 3 functions |
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Definition
1. modification of protein and lipids - from rER
2. controls trafficking of small vesicles relying membranes between organelles and plasma membrane
3. protein packaging, concentration, and sorting to final destination |
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Term
golgi complex - morphology
(a) light microscope
(b) EM |
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Definition
(a) stains with osmium or silver.
(b) stacks of 4-10 parallel cistern which are curved. convex surface (cis face) and concave surface (trans/exit face) |
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Term
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Definition
1. cis compartment and small transfer vesicle
2. intermediate/ medial compartment
3. trans compartment
4. trans golgi network (TGN) |
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Term
| 3 pathways of protein sorting in Trans Golgi Network (TGN) |
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Definition
1. constitutive pathway - proteins inserted into plasma membrane; found in all cells
2. proteins stored in secretory granules; found in specialized secretory cells
3. directed to lysosomes - proteins with mannose-6-phosphate marker |
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Term
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Definition
1. coated vesicles
2. endosomes
3. lysosomes
4. secretory vesicles |
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Term
| 3 types of coated vesicles |
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Definition
1. clathrin coated vesicles
2. coatomer-coated vesicles
3. caveolae |
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Term
| clathrin coated vesicles - function |
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Definition
(a) signal directed transport of proteins from trans golgie to lysosome or secretory granules
(b) formed from coated pits in membrane during receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Term
clathrin coated vesicles - morphology
(a) clathrin
(b) adaptin |
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Definition
(a) clatherin - consists of 3 large and 3 small polypeptide chains that form a triskelion that associates to form a polyhedral cage-like network around vesicle
(b) adaptin - 2nd protein coat that binds to cltrhin. adaptins differ from one vesicle to another for selectivity |
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Term
| coatamer-coated vesicles - morphology |
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Definition
| different in protein make up and shape as compared to clathrin-coated vesicles. large protein complex |
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Term
coatomer-coated vesicles - function
(a) function
(b) COP I
(c) COP II |
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Definition
(a) vesicular transport between rER and Golgi
(b) from golig cistarnae and transport vesicles --> rER (retrograde)
(c) from rER and transport vesicles --> golgi (anterograde) |
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Term
| coatamer-coated vesicles - morphology |
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Definition
| different in protein make up and shape as compared to clathrin-coated vesicles. large protein complex |
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Term
coatomer-coated vesicles - function
(a) function
(b) COP I
(c) COP II |
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Definition
(a) vesicular transport between rER and Golgi
(b) from golig cistarnae and transport vesicles --> rER (retrograde)
(c) from rER and transport vesicles --> golgi (anterograde) |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for targeting of vesicles to correct cellular compartment.
v snare is the vesicle snare, t snare is where the vesicle needs to target to. Vsnare matches up with Tsnare to make sure vesicle goes where it should |
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Term
| Cavaeolae vesicles - morhplogy |
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Definition
(a) caveolin coated protein
(b) enriched in lipid rafts of cholesterol and sphingolipids
(c) vesicle budding is due to lipid composition |
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Term
| Caveolae vesicles - function |
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Definition
(a) clathrin-indpendent endocytic pathway
(b) transport processes (ex. transcytosis)
(c) concentrates membrane receptors for cell signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound tubes and vesicles extending from the periphery of the cell to the Golgi/perinuclear region. |
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Term
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Definition
(a) early - located beneath plasma membrane; sort and recycle endocytosed proteins
(b) late - present near golgi |
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Term
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Definition
(a) Acidic interior created by ATP-driven pump
(b) late endosomes more acidic than early |
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Term
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Definition
1. pinocytosis - ingestion of fluids and solutes via small vesicles <150nm
2. phagocytosis - ingestion of large particles by specialized cells >250nm |
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Term
| Receptor-Mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
(a) ingestion of specific molecules from EC environment
(b) coated pits contan clathrin
(c) coated pits invaginate to form clathrin coated vesicles
(d) vescicles lose clathrin coat and mature into an endosome |
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Term
| 3 Pathways of the Endosomal Compartment in Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
recycling - (a) receptor and ligand are recycled (b) receptor recycling (Ex iron)
2. constitutive pathway - lysosomal degradation
3. transcytosis - transfer from one extracellular place to another (ex. antibodies from mother to new born, release of salivary immunobodies) |
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Term
| Low density lipoprotein (LDL) - clinical correlation |
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Definition
| LDL binds to clathrin coated pit. A missing or defective LDL receptor produces high blood cholesterol levels leading to coronary arterial disease. |
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Term
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Definition
(a) ingestion of large particles >250nm by specialized cell
(b) ingest substance by "zippering" membrane around it |
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Term
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Definition
(a) membrane-limited body continent acid hydolases
(b) heterogeneous in appearance
(c) membran is hughly glycosylated
(d) internal ph of 4.7 by ATP-driven pump |
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Term
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Definition
degradation of
(a) endocytosed material
(b) cellular materials |
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Term
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Definition
(a) proteasome - degrades short lived proteins in cell
(b) autophagy - degrading old proteins or organelles |
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Term
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Definition
1. phagolysosomes/phagosomes
2. lysosomes
3. autophagolysomes - autosomes
4. multivescular bodies
5. residual bodies |
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Term
| 6 steps of lysosomal biogenesis |
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Definition
1. acid hydrolyses are synthesized on polysomes bound to rER
2. in rER cisternae, acid hydrolyses are glycosylated to asparagine residue of hydrolyses
3. in cis golgi - mannose-6-phosphate is added to oligosaccaride chain. (m6m is address label to lysosome)
4. trans golgi, M6m receptors bind the enyem in clathrin-caoted areas
5. clathrin-coated vesicle bud off trans golgi, lose clathrin, and fuse with late endosome or endolysosomes
6. lysosomal enzymes dissociate from receptor at low pH and the receptor retires to TGN via clathrin coated vesicles |
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Term
Lysosomal storage disease - name residuals that accumulate
(a) I-cell disease
(b) tay-sachs
(c) fabry
(d) gaucher
(e) niemann-pick |
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Definition
(a) missing or defective golgi enzyme
(b) hexosaminidase A
(c) alpha-galactosidease A
(d) B-glucocerebrosidase
(e) sphingomyelinase |
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Term
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Definition
(a) secretory granules/ dense core granules
(b) contents of vesicles become condense as vesicle matures
(c) release contents in response to an extracellular signal |
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Term
| two types of secretory pathways leading to exocytosis |
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Definition
1. constitutive pathway - continuous delivery of contents
(2) regulated secretory pathway - specialized cells . endocrine and neurons. calcium dependent release |
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Term
| Mitochondria - morphology |
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Definition
(a) shapes - spheres and rod; 0.4-0.8um x 4-9um
(b) can be seen by light microscopy
(c) out and inner membrane = two compartments
(d) ATP production |
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Term
| 4 components of mitochondria |
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Definition
1. outer membrane
2. inter membrane
3. inner membrane space
4. matrix space |
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Term
| mitochondria outer membrane |
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Definition
(a) has porins - voltage-dependent anion channels
(b) receptors for proteins and polypeptides |
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Term
| mitochondria inter membrane space |
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Definition
(a) space between two membranes - equiv to cytoplasm
(b) contains kinases and cytochrome c |
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Term
| 5 components of mitochondria inner membrane |
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Definition
1. cristae - thin folds that project into interior; correspond to cell activity
2. elementary particles - ATP synthases; lollipop-like structures
3. cardiolipin - phospholipoprotein; makes inner membrane permeable to ions
4. respiratory chain enzymes
5. transport proteins |
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Term
| mitochondria matrix space |
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Definition
(a) electron dense
(b) enzymes of krebs cycle
(c) enzymes of beta-oxidation
(d) mitochondria DNA |
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Term
| orthodox vs condensed configuration in mitochondria |
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Definition
(A) orthodox - prominent cristae, large matrix, low level of oxidative phosphorylation
(b) condensed - cristae not easily recognized, small matrix, large membrane space, high level of phosphorylation |
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Term
| 4 functions of mitochondria |
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Definition
1. production of ATP
2. self-replication
3. synthesis from mitochondrial DNA
4. initiates apoptosis - releases cytochrome c |
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Term
| Mitochondria production of ATP in matrix space |
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Definition
1. conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids --> acetyl CoA
2. Acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 in krebs cycle |
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Term
| Mitochondria production of ATP on the inner membrane |
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Definition
1. electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed down ETC to pump H+ across membrane
2. drives protons through ATP synthase complex |
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Term
| how does mitochondrial DNA resemble that of bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| mitochondria of brown fat |
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Definition
(a) smaller inner compartment
(b) higher matrix density
(c) larger inter membrane space
(D) produce HEAT instead of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
(a) primates and birds don't' have nucleoid - electron dense region
(b) contains oxydative enzymes such as (1) irate oxidase (b) D-Amino Acid oxidase (c) catalase |
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Term
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Definition
1. beta oxidation of fatty acids --> acetyl CoA
2. converts H2O2 --> H2O
3. energy created dissipated as heat; maintenance of body temperature
4. detoxification of bloodstream at liver and kidney
5. catalyze first reactions in formation of plasmalogens |
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Term
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Definition
| originate from pre-existing peroxisomes by growth and fission |
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Term
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Definition
(a) x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy - single peroxisomal enzyme deficiency
(b) zellwenger syndrome - number of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive accumulations of products produced or picked up by cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. glycogen
2. lipids
3. pigments |
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Term
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Definition
(a) can be visualized by light microscopy when stained with PAS
(b) EM - appear as 20-30nm dense granules called Beta-article which aggregate to form alpha particles aka rosettes |
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Term
glycogen
(a) beta particles
(b) alpha particles
(c) rosettes |
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Definition
(a) 20-30nm dense granules
(b) aggregation of beta particles
(c) another name for alpha particles |
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Term
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Definition
| in all cells, abundant in liver and muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
(a) used to store carbs
(b) synth and degradation by glycogen synthase and phosphorylase |
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Term
| inclusions - lipids - morphology |
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Definition
(a) not surrounded by a membrane
(b) clear vacuoles normally - extracted during fixation. sometimes preserves as black or gray spherical globule
(c) EM - surrounded by mitochondria |
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Term
| inclusion - lipid - location |
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Definition
adipocytes as a single large droplet
liver and steroid secreting cells too |
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Term
| inclusions - lipids - functions |
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Definition
| storage of triglycerides and cholesterol as energy reserve |
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Term
| 4 types of pigment inclusions |
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Definition
1. lipofuscin
2. hemoglobin
3. melanin
4. crystals |
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Term
inclusion - pigment - lipofuscin
(a) residues from what organelle
(b) 5 associated diseases |
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Definition
(a) undigested residues in lysosomes
(b) three diseases
(1) age related macular degeneration
(2) alzheimer's - protein tau
(3) parkinsons - alpha-synuclein in neurons
(4) cardiomyopathies and heart failure
(5) atherosclerosis - oxidized LD in macrophages |
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Term
| inclusions - pigments - hemoglobin |
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Definition
(a) oxygen carrying pigment of RBC
(b) byproduct (hemosiderin) accumulates in macrophages |
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Term
| inclusions - pigments - melanin |
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Definition
| keratinocytes, pigments cells of retina, nerve cells of brain |
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Term
| inclusions - pigments - crystals |
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Definition
least common
crystals of reinke found in leydig cells
crystals of charcot-bottcher found in sertoli cells |
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