Term
|
Definition
Kostniakomięska
Note the smooth to fibrillar pink
osteoid between cells.
1.Osteosarcomas are often highly cellular and associated with bright pink, fibrillar extracellular matrix (osteoid).
2.Cells are distributed individually and in aggregates and range from ovoid to fusiform.
3.Their cytoplasm may contain fine clear vacuoles or fine pink granules.
4.Nuclei are round to ovoid and often eccentrically placed, with the appearance of "falling out" of the cell.
5.They have finely granular chromatin with multiple basophilic nucleoli, and hyperchromasia is common.
6.Marked criteria of malignancy often are present, including multinucleated giant cells.
7.Note: Subtypes of osteosarcoma exist, including chondroblastic and fibroblastic, which can make differentiation from chondrosarcomas and fibrosarcomas difficult. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kostniakomięska
Note the round cells with fine
pink granules in their cytoplasm. Nuclei
are eccentrically placed
1. Osteosarcomas are often highly cellular and associated with bright pink, fibrillar extracellular matrix (osteoid).
2. Cells are distributed individually and in aggregates and range from ovoid to fusiform.
3. Their cytoplasm may contain fine clear vacuoles or fine pink granules.
4. Nuclei are round to ovoid and often eccentrically placed, with the appearance of "falling out" of the cell.
5. They have finely granular chromatin with multiple basophilic nucleoli, and hyperchromasia is common.
6. Marked criteria of malignancy often are present, including multinucleated giant cells.
7. Note: Subtypes of osteosarcoma exist, including chondroblastic and fibroblastic, which can make differentiation from chondrosarcomas and fibrosarcomas difficult. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chondrosarcoma
Neoplastic cells are
embedded within thick chondroid.
1.Cells are characterized by dense, metachromatic extracellular chondroid in which cells may be embedded, forming lacunae.
2.Cells are mostly round but can be spindloid, and have pale-blue cytoplasm that often contains diffuse, fine pink granules.
3.Unlike osteosarcomas, nuclei are more often centrally placed within the cell but also have finely stippled chromatin and multiple basophilic nucleoli. |
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Term
|
Definition
Kostniako-chrzęstniakomięsak wielopłacikowy
Cytologic samples from MLO are highly variable, as
tumors are composed of cartilaginous, osseous and spindle
cells. Multiplesuch components, together with clinical considerations
(see below), should raise suspicion of these tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemangiosarcomas of bone may exfoliate poorly, and
samples may be very bloody. When present, cells areovoid to spindloid and may be seen in aggregates/epithelioid
sheets. The cells have a small to moderate volume
of medium‐blue cytoplasm that may form streaming
cytoplasmic wisps. Nuclei are ovoid to occasionally
amoeboid, and have finely granular chromatin with
prominent, often large, basophilic nucleoli. Mitotic
figures
and hyperchromasia of nuclei are common. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are marked, and
N/C ratios mostly are high. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibrosarcomas in bone are characterized by a population
of spindloid cells with a small to moderate volume of
pale‐blue cytoplasm forming bipolar tapering ends.
Nuclei are round to ovoid, with finely granular chromatin
and multiple prominent nucleoli. Anisocytosis/
anisokaryosis are moderate to marked. Care
should be taken to differentiate these from reactive fibroplasia,
and histopathology is required to differentiate
from the fibroblastic variant of osteosarcoma and multilobular
osteochondrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Histiocytic sarcoma cells are round and discrete, which
can make them difficult to distinguish from osteosarcoma. Distinguishing features
may include vacuolation of the cytoplasm, and lack of
pink granules. Differentiation from osteosarcoma is
more straightforward when criteria of malignancy are
marked, as karyomegaly and prominent nucleoli are
more common in histiocytic sarcoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multiple myeloma is characterized by a neoplastic
expansion of mostly well‐differentiated plasma cells seen
in large sheets. The cells have a moderate volume of paleblue
cytoplasm, and often have a characteristic, perinuclear
clear zone (Golgi zone). Some cells may contain bright‐pink material within the periphery of the cytoplasm,
representing the production of immunoglobulins
(‘flame cells’) . Nuclei are round, eccentrically
placed, and have clumped chromatin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metastatic bone tumors will appear cytologically similar
to the primary tumor, often with marked criteria of
malignancy. Mildly pleomorphic, reactive osteoblasts or
osteoclasts may accompany neoplastic cells. Bone, metastatic mammary
carcinoma. Note the
cytologically normal osteoblast (arrow). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Osteomyelitis is characterized by an infiltration of
inflammatory cells, the type of which will vary with the
underlying infectious agent. Granulomatous inflammation
generally accompanies fungal agents, while neutrophils
are seen with bacterial osteomyelitis. Osteoblasts
or osteoclasts may be seen, confirming involvement of
bone. Fungal organisms are seen
budding and forming hyphae
(arrowheads), and an osteoclast is present
(arrow). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synovial fluid normal. There is a medium‐pink
stippled background, rare erythrocytes,
and a single, quiescent macrophage/
synoviocyte. Synovial fluid from normal joints has a variably thick,
pink stippled, mucinous background.
Erythrocytes should be absent or seen in very low numbers.
Nucleated cells are seen individually in low numbers,
and should comprise almost exclusively quiescent large
mononuclear cells (macrophages or synoviocytes that
look cytologically similar). Rare small mature lymphocytes
may be seen. Neutrophils should be absent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synovial fluid, mononuclear
inflammation and reactive changes.
Mononuclear reactive changes may be seen with either a
normal or elevated cell count. Relative to quiescent macrophages/
synoviocytes, the cells are larger, and have
a greater volume of cytoplasm that frequently becomes
vacuolated. These
mononuclear cells may form sheets or dense aggregates,
suggestive of synovial hyperplasia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial septic arthritis is associated with a markedly
elevated cell count, predominated by neutrophils.
Neutrophils frequently are non‐degenerative. Bacteria
may be seen in neutrophil phagolysosomes,
but are not always seen in cases of septic arthritis. Care
should be taken to differentiate bacteria from phagocytosed
immunoglobulin, which can be seen in immunemediated
disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neutrophilic arthritis is seen with Rickettsial infections. Organisms may be visible
within neutrophils in synovial fluid, often in low numbers,
and careful examination of many neutrophils is recommended.
The bacteria form round aggregates known
as morulae. Note the
morula of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in
the neutrophil on the right. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non‐infectious neutrophilic inflammation is characterized
by variably increased numbers of neutrophils that
are non‐degenerative (Figure 6.15). In cases of immunemediated
polyarthritis (IMPA), neutrophils may rarely contain
numerous, variably sized cytoplasmic inclusions that
are pink to purple, and irregularly shaped.
These represent phagocytosed immune complexes ornuclear remnants. These cells are called ‘ragocytes’ when
unstained. These inclusions can be distinguished from
ingested bacteria, the latter being uniform in size, staining
and shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non‐infectious neutrophilic inflammation. In cases of immunemediated
polyarthritis (IMPA), neutrophils may rarely contain
numerous, variably sized cytoplasmic inclusions that
are pink to purple, and irregularly shaped.
These represent phagocytosed immune complexes ornuclear remnants. These cells are called ‘ragocytes’ when
unstained. These inclusions can be distinguished from
ingested bacteria, the latter being uniform in size, staining
and shape. Note the
amorphous, pink/purple inclusions within
the cytoplasm of some neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mięsak histiocytarny Rarely, neoplastic cells may be seen in synovial fluid, and
their appearance will reflect the tumor of origin. They
often display such as anisokaryosis and prominent
nucleoli. Cells may be present in low numbers, and
examination of sedimented or cytocentrifuged samples
may be necessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Note the bright‐pink, spherical
inclusion within the neutrophil or lupus
erythematosus (LE) cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Erythrocytes within synovial fluid can pose a diagnostic
challenge to distinguish between iatrogenic hemorrhage
from sampling, and true hemorrhage (hemarthrosis).
Prior hemorrhage is confirmed by visualizing erythrophagia
or heme‐breakdown pigments within mononuclear
cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metastatic
bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synovial cysts frequently have a similar pink stippled,
mucinous background to normal synovial fluid; however,
a clear background may be present. Cellularity
generally is low, and comprises reactive macrophages/
synoviocytes. Cholesterol crystals may also be seen. Note the thick pink mucinous
background, cholesterol crystal (left) and
macrophage/synoviocyte (right). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synovial cell sarcomas frequently are associated with a
thick, pink stippled background, and cells may be seen in
a streaming or windrowing distribution. This can make
differentiation from myxosarcomas difficult. Cells are spindloid and have a moderate
volume of medium‐blue cytoplasm that forms bipolar
tendrils and wisps, and may contain fine pink granules
or fine clear vacuoles. Nuclei are ovoid with coarsely
granular chromatin
and multiple, prominent, basophilic
nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are
moderate, and N/C ratios are high. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Periarticular histiocytic sarcomas contain discrete
cells with marked criteria of malignancy including
anisokaryosis, karyomegaly, multinucleation, and high
mitotic rates. Cells usually are vacuolated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Rhabdomyomas contain round to polygonal cells seen individually and in loose aggregates.
2.They have abundant pale-blue cytoplasm that often has a faint pink granular appearance (due to abundant mitochondria)
3.Nuclei are round, centrally located, and have coarsely granular chromatin with small, single nucleoli.
4.Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, and N/C ratios are low.
Note the faint pink granular
appearance of the cytoplasm of some cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rhabdomyosarcoma embryonal
1. The cytologic appearance of rhabdomyosarcomas is highly variable based on the degree of differentiation of the cells.
2. Rhabdomyoblasts (in embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas) are round, individualized cells with a small volume of medium-blue cytoplasm that contains fine clear vacuoles.
3. Nuclei frequently are indented or bilobed
4. These rhabdomyoblasts may be difficult to differentiate from lymphoma
5. More differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas have a polygonal appearance with abundant medium-blue cytoplasm that may have fine pink granules and perinuclear clearing
6. Nuclei are ovoid and have prominent single nucleoli.
7. Linear cells with nuclei in rows (strap cells) and cytoplasmic striations may be seen in very well-differentiated tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rhabdomyosarcoma dobrze zróżnicowana
Many
cells have a faint pink granular appearance
to their cytoplasm.
1. The cytologic appearance of rhabdomyosarcomas is highly variable based on the degree of differentiation of the cells.
2. Rhabdomyoblasts (in embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas) are round, individualized cells with a small volume of medium-blue cytoplasm that contains fine clear vacuoles.
3. Nuclei frequently are indented or bilobed
4. These rhabdomyoblasts may be difficult to differentiate from lymphoma
5. More differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas have a polygonal appearance with abundant medium-blue cytoplasm that may have fine pink granules and perinuclear clearing
6. Nuclei are ovoid and have prominent single nucleoli.
7. Linear cells with nuclei in rows (strap cells) and cytoplasmic striations may be seen in very well-differentiated tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leiomyomas exfoliate variably well, and comprise welldifferentiated
spindle cells seen individually and in
aggregates. The cells have a scant volume of pale cytoplasm
forming bipolar tendrils and wisps, and elongated
nuclei with finely granular chromatin and small basophilic
nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis
are mild and N/C ratios are high. May look similar to
fibromas or gastrointestinal stromal tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leiomyosarcomas exfoliate variably well in loose aggregates
and individually. They comprise plump spindle
cells with a moderate volume of medium‐blue cytoplasmforming short bipolar tapering ends, and may contain
fine clear vacuoles. Nuclei are ovoid with coarsely
granular chromatin and prominent basophilic nucleoli.
Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are variable, and N/C ratios
are moderate to high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normalna ślinianka
Sample backgrounds contain streaming blue/purple
mucin, distributing erythrocytes and cells in a prominent
windrowing pattern. Salivary glandular epithelium
exfoliates as tight, cohesive sheets of cells that have
abundant foamy cytoplasm, and round, pyknotic nuclei Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, and N/C ratios are low. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salivary gland adenomas exfoliate as cohesive sheets of
cells with a papillary or acinar‐like arrangement. The cells
mostly are well‐differentiated, which can make differentiating
these from normal or hyperplastic tissue difficult.
Features include crowded sheets (with cellular piling),
higher N/C ratios, and less‐vacuolated cells than normal
epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sialoceles have a distinctive background that contains
numerous pools of smooth, pale‐blue/lavender mucinousmaterial. Embedded within this material are
inflammatory cells. Reactive macrophages usually predominate,
and frequently contain hematoidin crystals or other heme‐breakdown pigments.
Neutrophils and small mature lymphocytes may also
be present. Normal salivary gland epithelium is variably
present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salivary gland adenocarcinomas exfoliate in cohesive
sheets, and may retain a papillary or acinar‐like arrangement.
More anaplastic tumors lose features of salivary
differentiation. They have a variable volume
of deep‐blue cytoplasm that may contain clear vacuoles.
Nuclei are round with smudged chromatin and prominent
basophilic nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis
often are marked, and N/C ratios are high. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation may be seen in the salivary gland in the
absence of a cystic component, though variable amounts
of mucin may still be seen (Figure 8.5). The types of
nucleated cells vary with the primary pathologic process,
and may comprise neutrophils (more common in bacterial
etiologies) or small mature lymphocytes (chronic,
viral or immune mediated causes). Infectious agents may
be present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperplastic transitional epithelium can be highly pleomorphic,
and may mimic neoplasia. It is normally seen secondary to inflammation
(septic or sterile) or trauma/irritation (e.g., due to urolithiasis),
and evidence of inflammation, infectious
organisms or crystalluria frequently is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Papillomas and polyps exfoliate as cohesive sheets of
monomorphic cells, in contrast to the gradient of pleomorphism
seen with hyperplastic epithelium . Cells are round to polygonal, and
have a moderate volume of pale‐blue cytoplasm. Nuclei
are ovoid, with finely granular chromatin and small or
inapparent nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are
mild, and N/C ratios are moderate to low. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) exfoliate as sheets of
epithelial cells that are round to polygonal. They have a
variable volume of cytoplasm that frequently contains
bright‐pink, spherical inclusions of secretory material. Nuclei are ovoid, with granular chromatin
and often multiple, prominent nucleoli. Multinucleation
is common. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are marked, and
N/C ratios are variable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal transitional epithelial cells are monomorphic,
with minimal pleomorphism and low N/C ratios. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exfoliation of neoplastic cells into urine is uncommon,
and differentiation from epithelial hyperplasia can be
difficult. Neoplastic cells should have marked criteria of malignancy, including marked anisocytosis/anisokaryosis,
prominent nucleoli ± mitotic figures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperplastic transitional epithelial cells can
exfoliate into urine, and have increased pleomorphismthat may mimic neoplasia. As described
above, in section 9.2.1, they often are accompanied by
evidence of inflammation, infectious organisms, or
crystals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exfoliation of neoplastic cells into urine is uncommon,
and differentiation from epithelial hyperplasia can be
difficult. Neoplastic cells should have marked criteria of malignancy, including marked anisocytosis/anisokaryosis,
prominent nucleoli ± mitotic figures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leukocytes should be seen in low numbers in normal
urine (<3 per 40× objective field in a wet preparation).
Neutrophils are most frequently seen, and may be associated with infectious organisms such as bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leukocytes should be seen in low numbers in normal
urine (<3 per 40× objective field in a wet preparation).
Neutrophils are most frequently seen, and may be associated with infectious organisms such as fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial rhinitis. Note intracellular bacterial cocci
within a degenerative neutrophil and
smooth pink mucin in the background.Septic rhinitis is characterized by large numbers
inflammatory cells, with neutrophils normally predominating
in bacterial rhinitis , and macrophages
seen with fungal, protozoal or algal infections,
which may also be accompanied by eosinophils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis is the most common sterile
inflammatory condition, and is associated with increased
numbers of small mature and reactive lymphocytes with
plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both, squamous and psuedostratified columnar epithelial
cells are present in the nasal cavity. Hyperplasia
may be seen secondary to inflammation, infection,
chronic irritation, or adjacent neoplasia. Typically,
these cells have a slightly decreased volume (higher
N/C ratios) of more deeply basophilic cytoplasm, and
may lack cilia. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis
generally are still mild, and few criteria of malignancy
are seen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adenocarcinomas exfoliate in variably cohesive sheets.
Well‐differentiated tumors have prominent intercellular
borders, while anaplastic tumors may be poorly cohesive,
mimicking lymphoma, particularly in cats [7]. Cells
mostly are round, with a moderate volume of mediumto
deep‐blue cytoplasm, and round nuclei with stippled
chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisocytosis/
anisokaryosis mostly are moderate to marked, and N/C
ratios are high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nasal lymphoma often exfoliates well, and comprises individualized
cells with round nuclei, stippled chromatin, and variably prominent nucleoli. The cells have a small to
moderate volume of medium‐ to deep‐blue cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Squamous cell carcinomas are characterized by variably
cohesive sheets of cells ranging from polygonal to round The cells frequently have keratinized, bright‐blue cytoplasm
(Figure 10.6). Perinuclear vacuolation also is a common
finding. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are marked. Tumors
frequently are accompanied by neutrophilic inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chondrosarcomas are characterized by dense,
metachromatic extracellular chondroid in which cells
may be embedded, forming lacunae. Cells mostly are round but can be spindloid, and have pale‐blue cytoplasm
that contains pink granules (Figure 10.7). Nuclei
are centrally placed, with finely stippled chromatin and
multiple basophilic nucleoli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibrosarcomas exfoliate as spindloid cells seen individually
or in aggregates, often associated with brightpink
extracellular matrix. The cells have a variable
volume of cytoplasm forming tendrils and wisps, and
may contain fine pink granules or vacuoles (Figure 10.8).
Nuclei are ovoid to elongated, with finely granular
chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisocytosis/
anisokaryosis often are marked, and N/C ratios generally
are high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thyroid adenomas comprise sheets of uniform, cuboidal
to columnar epithelial cells, frequently arranged in palisading
rows and acinar arrangements.
Bright‐pink colloid may be seen in the background, and
bare nuclei are a common finding. The cells often lack
prominent intercellular borders. They have a moderate
volume of cytoplasm that may contain green/black pigment
(tyrosine). Nuclei are centrally or eccentrically
placed, and have stippled chromatin with small basophilic
nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild and
N/C ratios are low. Note that adenomatous hyperplasia
appears cytologically similar.
Note the acinar arrangement of
the cells, and the subtle pink colloid
around the periphery of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rak dobrze zróżnicowany
The cells have mild criteria of malignancy,
but note the high N/C ratios and cellular
crowding.
Cytologic appearance of thyroid carcinomas is highly
variable, ranging from well‐differentiated (making them
difficult to distinguish from adenomas, to markedly pleomorphic . They frequently have a densely
bloody background, as carcinomas are more vascular
than benign tumors. The cells often form palisading
rows or acinar arrangements, and bright‐pink, smooth
colloid may be seen in the background. Green/black
tyrosine granules may be present in the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytologic appearance of thyroid carcinomas is highly
variable, ranging from well‐differentiated (making them
difficult to distinguish from adenomas, to markedly pleomorphic . They frequently have a densely
bloody background, as carcinomas are more vascular
than benign tumors. The cells often form palisading
rows or acinar arrangements, and bright‐pink, smooth
colloid may be seen in the background. Green/black
tyrosine granules may be present in the cytoplasm. There is abundant
bright‐pink colloid. Cells have indistinct
intercellular borders and are disorganized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytologic appearance of thyroid carcinomas is highly
variable, ranging from well‐differentiated (making them
difficult to distinguish from adenomas, to markedly pleomorphic . They frequently have a densely
bloody background, as carcinomas are more vascular
than benign tumors. The cells often form palisading
rows or acinar arrangements, and bright‐pink, smooth
colloid may be seen in the background. Green/black
tyrosine granules may be present in the cytoplasm. There is abundant
bright‐pink colloidNeoplastic cells are poorly
cohesive and have marked anisokaryosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytologic appearance of thyroid carcinomas is highly
variable, ranging from well‐differentiated (making them
difficult to distinguish from adenomas, to markedly pleomorphic . They frequently have a densely
bloody background, as carcinomas are more vascular
than benign tumors. The cells often form palisading
rows or acinar arrangements, and bright‐pink, smooth
colloid may be seen in the background. Green/black
tyrosine granules may be present in the cytoplasm. There is abundant
bright‐pink colloid. The cells are arranged in
palisading rows and have marked
anisocytosis/anisokaryosis. Green/blue
tyrosine granules are seen in many cells. Note the
faint pink granular appearance of the
cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thyroid C cell carcinomas often have a distinctive ‘plasmacytoid’
appearance, similar to those described in
humans [8]. The cells are ovoid, with a moderate volume
of pink granular cytoplasm (which may represent cytoplasmic
calcitonin), and eccentrically placed nuclei that
have finely stippled chromatin and single basophilic
nucleoli (Figure 11.6). Anisokaryosis is moderate. The
pink cytoplasm can make differentiating these tumors
from carotid body tumors difficult (compare to
Figure 11.9); however, the cytoplasm of carotid body
tumors mostly has a more coarse granular appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Jednolita populacja
2. Pleomorfizm
3. Duża gęstość komórkowa |
|
|
Term
| Ogólne kryteria złośliwości (3) |
|
Definition
1. Anizocytoza (wielkość)
2. Makrocytoza
3. Pleomorfizm (kształt) |
|
|
Term
| Cytoplazmatyczne kryteria złośliwości (4) |
|
Definition
1. Zasadochłonność (więcej RNA)
2. Nieprawidłowe struktury cytoplazmatyczne - wodniczki ziarnistości
3. Lub ich brak
4. Względnie mała ilość |
|
|
Term
| Jądrowe kryteria złośliwości (9) |
|
Definition
1. Anizokarioza
2. Makrokarioza
3. Wzrost stosunku N:C
4. Duże jąderka (makronucleosis)
5. Wyraźne mnogie jąderka ze zmienną morfologią
6. Hiperchromazja
7. Liczne figury mitotyczne, zwłaszcza nieprawidłowe
8. Nierównomierny rozkład chromatyny np. guboziarnista
9. Deformacje jąder (nuclera moulding)
ucisk wywierany przez inne jądro lub komórkę |
|
|
Term
| Tednencja do tworzenia skupisk (4) |
|
Definition
1. Luźno
2. Małe grupy komórek
3. Zlepy komórek
4. Duże skupiska |
|
|
