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CWC1--Exam 2
Dr. Jonathan J. Armstrong's 10/11/11 Exam
101
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 2
10/10/2011

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Term
Arian Controversy (325-361) pt. 2
Definition
Somewhat a misnomer. Arius virtually gone from the scene. The ensuing theological discussions were more a search for an agreed definition of faith than a constant controversy. Constantius was an Arianizer.
Term
Constantine's death
Definition
337
Term
Constantine's rule was divided on his death:
Definition
between his three sons: Constantine II recieved Spain, the Gauls, and Britain; Constans received Africa, Italy and Illyricum; and Constantius II received the East. After 340, Constans took over all the west. In 350, Constantius took over it all. He was an Arianizer
Term
Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia
Athanasius
Definition
Post-Nicene Leader of Arian Sympathizers.
Bishop of Alexandria in 328.
opposers
Term
Nicaea
Definition
more a triumph of anti-arianism than pro-alexandrian. most christians had no clear views on the Trinity. So there was an anti-Nicene reaction that appeared
Term
Positions on the Relation of the Son to the Father
Definition
Homoousians--The Son is of the same substance with the Father.
Homoiousians--the Son is of similar substance to the Father
Homoeans--the Son is like the Father
Anomoeans--the Son is unlike the Father
Term
Julius
Definition
Bishope of Rome (337-352). Declared eastern banishments illegal (ie: banishment of Athenasius in 341)
Term
Athanasius
Definition
B. 300 in Alexandria.
succeeded Alexander as bishop in 328.
Fought Arianism: important that Jesus be seen as fully divine.
Term
Arian Controversy (361-381), pt. 3
Definition
Julian the Apostate (361-63)--tried to revive paganism. Valentiniat I (364-75) was Catholic by believed government shouldn't interfere with dogma. Theodosius I (east)--called Council of Constantinople in 381
Term
Four Theological issues confronting church leaders during 3rd Arian phase
Definition
1. The theological authority of the Council of Nicaea
2. The semantic problem (ousia and hypostasis)
3. The core problem of unity and distinction in the Godhead
4. The place of the Holy Spirit.
Term
4 leaders emerged in settlement of Arian crisis
Definition
Athanasius, Hilary of Poitiers (both homoousians) and Basil of Caesaria and Basil of Ancyra (both homoiousians.
Term
Cappadocian church fathers
Definition
Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa. Sometimes called the Neonicenes.
Term
Council of Constantinople
Definition
Reaffirmed homoousios. Bishop of Constantinople prerogative after Rome.
Term
Organization of the Church
Definition
Growth of this in 4th century. Bishop of a city was expected to call together his clergy several times a year--a diocesan or parochial council. Also, the Holy Synod of Constantinople established.
Term
symbols or dogmas
canons
Definition
statements of faith
decisions in regard to organizational, disciplinary, or procedural matters.
Term
metropolitan
Definition
Term
Golden AGe of Patristic Literature
Definition
From Nicaea to Chalcedon. 325-451
Term
Major writers and thinkers of the period
Definition
Augustin (Latin West) and Cappadocians (Greek East).
Catholics recognize: Latin: Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, and Gregory the Great and Greek: Athanasius, Gregory of Nazianzus, Basil the Great, and John CHrysostom.
Term
Basil of Caesarea
Definition
Cappadocian. foremost among. pioneered establishing Christian benevolent institutions.
Term
Gregory of Nazianzus
Definition
Cappadocian. the greatest orator of his day. but his distinguished in the Orthodox tradition by the designation "The Theologian". Characterized by a succession of flights from and returns to the world. Didn't want to be ordained. was anyway.
Term
Gregory of Nyssa
Definition
Cappadocian. remembered as the philosphical theologian of them. effected a synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian theology.
Term
John Chrysostom
Definition
b. 347 in Antioch. mother was widowed but rather than remarrying, devoted herself to John's flourishing. Greatest of the Christian pulpit orators and expositors. Chrysostom means Golden Mouth. Lived as a monk for awhile. Ordained as bishop of Constantiople. Theophilus of Alexandria opposed his Antiochine school of thought and sought his destruction.
Term
Ephraem the Syrian
Definition
classic writer of the Syriac-speaking church. defended essential mystery of God.
Term
Ambrose
Definition
a doctor of the church in special reference to his teaching on the proper relationship of church and state. an able preacher whose expositions aided in Augustine's conversion. bishop of Milan in 374
Term
Rufinus
Definition
native of Aquileia, studied in Rome. set up a double monastery for men and women at jerusalem with Melania. Became presbyter in Aquileia in 399. bitter controversy with Jerome. over orthodoxy of Origen.
Term
Jerome
Definition
peevish and ill-tempered. Withdrew as a hermit to desert and learned Hebrew. Set up dual monestery with Paula. Translated the the Bible into Latin: called the Vulgate.
Term
Monasticism
Definition
Tributaries of Christian monasticism: Jewish, Pagan, Eastern, New Testament, Secular, Christian asceticism. Early asceticism didn't regard matter as evil, but adopted self-denial as the renunciation of the good in pursuit of a higher life.
Term
Monk, anchorite, hermit
Definition
a solitary man, one who lived alone, one who withdraws, from the word for a deserted region
Term
cenobitic or communal model of monasticism
Definition
where a group of monks lived, prayed, and worked together iunder a superior, a model developed by Pachomius
Term
hermit
Definition
individual monks lived an isolated and austere life of spiritual sturggle in prayer and meditation. typified by Anthony
Term
and intermediate form of monasticism
Definition
where a loosely organized group of small settlements of 2 to 6 persons in close proximity looked to a common spiritual leader, a type pioneered by Ammun. A laura is similar--most famous is Saba.
Term
Pillar saints
Definition
lived on a platform atop a column. Symeon Stylites was the most famous.
Term
Motifs of Monasticism
Definition
Military life--soldiers against evil, Martyr--sacrifice for the Lord, Demonic--dealt with great demonic warfare, Angelic--tried to live like them anticipating paradise, Gnostic--imitation of God, knowing God intellectually and experientially, Philosphic--asceticism of Greek philosphy, Baptismal--new birth, Eschatological--their caves were their paradise
Term
Anthony
Definition
exemplar for hermits. Athanasius wrote Life of Anthony
Term
Pachomius
Definition
monasteries were developed in connection with villages as an extension of earlier form of asceticism, later expanding to desert areas--leader among cenobites.
Term
Ammun
Shenoute
Definition
*founded semieremitic communities of cells of hermits
*writings represent indigenization of monasticism among native Copts in Egypt.
Term
Evagrius of Pontus
Basil of Caesarea
Definition
*philosophical theorist of the monastic life
*practical theorist of monasticism
Term
Ammun
Shenoute
Evagrius of Pontus
Definition
*founded semieremitic communities of cells of hermits
*writings represent indigenization of monasticism among native Copts in Egypt.
*philosophical theorist of the monastic life
Term
Jerome
John Cassian
Definition
Western Champion of Monasticism who went East
Eastern Champion of Monasticism who went West (If Benedict is the father of Western Monasticism, Cassian is the grandfather)
Term
Addai
Definition
Sent by the apostle Thomas, converted King Abgar of Osrhoene, whose capital was Edessa
Term
Afrahat
Definition
Known as the "Persian Sage". Syrian literary culture flourished during the fourth century. He wrote on Christian doctrine.
Term
Syriac Christianity
Definition
1. Emphasis on Schools
2. A Missionary Thrust--to India and China
3. Asceticism
4. Doctrinal Separation from Greek and Latin Churches
Term
Persian Christianity
Definition
persecution because of enemy Constantine's urging to their emperor on their behalf.
Term
Armenia
Definition
1st country as a nation to accept Christianity.
Gregory the Illuminator converted the kind and religion spread down the aristocracy to people. "catholicos"--head of Armenian church. Translation of Scripture began from Syriac 415 and Greek 435
Term
Georgia
Definition
Evangelized from Armenia. Nino, a Christian slave girl healed the queen Nana of a serious illness, she was converted and the King Mirian after. Bible Translation in 5th and 6th centries
Term
Mashtots
Definition
developed Armenian and possible Georgian alphabets.
Term
Ethiopia
Definition
Frumentius and Edesuis, survivors of a ship wreck, were made slaves. when they returned to, Frumentius was ordainded by Athanasius and he went back to evangelize. 350AD--King Ezana was baptized. Had 81 books in canon
Term
Christianization
Definition
taking over pagan practices and ceremonies to replace with Christian counterparts
Term
Imperial Support
Definition
318--constantine let church receive legacies.
341--Constantius II prohibited pagan sacrifice
Gratian--renounced title Pontifex Maximus, removed altar of Victory from Senate house
Theodosius I--official religion-380, depriving heretics-381, forbade private pagan worship-391-92
Theodosius II--antisemitism
Term
cult of the saints
Definition
veneration for the saints expressed traditionally
Term
martyria
Definition
shrines or church buildings set up over tombs of martyrs
Term
Catechetical Lectures
Definition
348--Cyril of Jerusalm. No one was allowed to witness the mysteries of baptism and the eucharist, or hear them described until the time of initiation. administered Easter. Great Intercession--prayer
Term
Sacrement
Definition
derived from Latin for "oath" Baptism, Eucharist, and Chrism (oil of annointing)
Term
Eucharist
Definition
4th century began to speak of transubstantiaiton. Sacrificial ideas associated.
Term
Canon 18 @ Nicaea
Definition
presbyters were priests, above deacons.
Term
Church calendar
Definition
Easter--1st sunday after first full moon after spring equinox.
Christmans--western feast celebrated first in Rome in second quarter of forth century. influenced by sun cult.
Term
Ecumenical
Definition
A Universal Council--Empire-wide council
Term
Different perceptions of ecumenicy
Definition
Evangelicals: First 4 Councils
Greek Orthodox: First 7
Roman Catholic: First 21, up to Vatican II 1962-1965
Term
First Four Councils:
Definition
1. The council of Nicaea I, 325AD
2. The Council of Constantinople I, 381AD
3. The Council of Ephesus, 431AD
4. The Council of Chalcedon, 451AD
Term
Nicaea, Described:
Definition
325. Issue was Arianism: Dealt with Trinitarian theology.
Term
Constantinople
Definition
381, Resolving the Arian crisis. Basil of Ceaseria and other Cappodocian Fathers worked out a relational understanding of Trinitarian Orthodoxy. Reaffirmed Nicaea
Term
Ephesus
Definition
431, Nestorius called this council, but by the end of the council was excommunicated. Concerned with Christology
Term
Chalcedon
Definition
451, Establishes 2 natures of Christ as not divided, but united by a hypostatic union.
Term
Anglicans...
Definition
closed the time of the patristic age in 451 because orthodoxy was established.
Term
Late Antiquity
Definition
450-750
Term
The Great Schism
Definition
1054--the final division between east adn west. Filioque Clause--the main issue. Mostly a political and cultural divide of people not understanding each other.
Term
Issues
Definition
1st 2: Trinitarianism
2nd 2: Christology
Term
Ebionism
Definition
Jesus was not God. But a man upon whome the Spirit of God rested. Attempt to explain in terms of Jewish Law. Kept Jewish Law. Jesus fulfilled the Law and we should be little Christs and also fulfill the law.
Term
Docetism
Definition
Jesus was not a man. Jesus was a god who appeared in human form. explained in terms of paganism.
Term
2nd century attempts and understanding Trinity relationships
Definition
Most fail on the side of Unitarianism (no separatin between persons of the Godhead. Jewish Monotheism understanding) or Tritheism (three Gods. polytheistic understanding). But at lest they acknowledged the Incarnation (God became man). This is progress
Term
Adoptionist or Dynamic Monarchianism
Definition
Jesus was adopted by God at baptism a mere man on whom the power of God rested. Theodous the Tanner, Artemon, and paul of Samosata taught this.
Term
Modalistic Monarchianism
Definition
No differentiation between members of Trinity. Says God suffered on the cross (Patripassianism). Offensive to Church fathers.
Term
Sabellionism
Definition
Synonomous with Monarchianism. God unfolds himself as the Father, as the Son in Jesus, as the HS in different times in history.
Term
Economic Trinity
Definition
The way that God has revealed himself to in His ordained plan in creation. That way happens to be in teh Father, Son and HS...the way He relates to Creation
Term
Ontological Trinity
Definition
The way that GOd is in himself outside of creation. The way He exists in and of HImself. Is the Trinity the way He is in and of himself or is that he shadow he cast on reality now.
Term
The Shield
Definition
The Son is Not the Father, the Spirit is Not the Son and the Father is not the Spirit. Yet all three are God.
Term
Arianism, lecture
Definition
The doctrine that the son was a created being.
Term
Athanasius, Lecture
Definition
main opponent to Arianism. Only God Saves. Jesus Saves. Jesus is God.
Term
Nicea, 325AD, Lecture
Definition
Constantine calls the council because the bishops Arius and Alexander cannot resolve their problems. 300 bishops.
Term
Constantine...
Definition
was present and opened the ceremonies. urged everyone to get along
Term
Orthodox position
Definition
held by Alexander of Alexandria. Homoousios--means of the same substance. A minority view at the beginning of the council.
Term
Semi-Arian View
Definition
held by Eusabius of Cesaerea. Majority view. homoiousios
Term
Hetrodoxy
Definition
Held by Arois of Alexandria. Heteroousios
Term
St. Martin of Tours
Definition
Patron Saint of France. 316-397. Martin became a catechumen (one who studied Christian doctrine for 3 yrs. before converting). Monastery founded in Gaul served as center for evangelsm.
Term
Saint Augustine of Hippo
Definition
12 feet of writings to Paul's one inch. Or, Mt. Everest to 200 feet. b. 354. Most importatn theologian in history. Father of the spiritual autobiograpy. called "the first modern man"
Term
4th century trio:
Definition
Augustine: Primary Theologian
Jerome: Primary Biblical Scholar
John Chrysostom: Primary Preacher/Orator
Term
Manicheism
Definition
more prominently dualistic that gnosticism. Answered the problem of evil. Augustine converted out of this sect so it was one of the first things he wrote about.
Term
303-311
Definition
Great persecution under Diocletian. the worst persecution. he burned BIbles. Lots of apostasy
Term
Donatist
Definition
The sacrament flows through the message. the message is the medium. the saraments will not be effectual if your minister is an apostate. Augustine argues that teh sacraments are effectual not because of hte holiness of the minister but because of the grace of Christ.
Term
Pelagian
Definition
Man did not inheirit sins of Adam. man has free will. you could choose to be good. Augustine was teh godfather of ORiginal Sin. Man's will is not free before conversion.
Term
Augustinian Sin Trifecta
Definition
Prefall: Man could choose not to sin.
Present: Man can not choose not to sin.
Eternal: Man will not be able to choose to sin.
Term
Chrysostom, Education and Conversion
Definition
347-370. Anthusa, his mother refused to remarry to further her son's ed. Libanius, pagan rhetoric teacher said "What women these Christian's have"
Term
Chrysostom, Monk
Definition
370 to 81. Turned his house into a monastery because his mother wanted him to wait until she died to start his monastic career. Basil, his friend became a monk at the same time until John sold him out to become a bishop.
Term
Chrysostom, Priest of Antioch
Definition
381-398. Preaches against weal. Urged people to repent over smashing Theodosius's statue. But, he also said things against the granduer of the governemnt
Term
Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople
Definition
398-404. John helped Ephesus with their struggle against Simony--buying ecclesiastical power. Eudoxia was the empoer that finally killed John. Theophilus, his old rival, accused him of being like Origen.
Term
Chrysostom, Exile ad Death
Definition
404-407. Sermon on SIlome that got him exiled. 3 year after Synod of the Oak is when he died.
Term
Patristic Exegesis
Definition
The way the church fathers interpreted the Scritpures
Term
Schools:
Definition
Alexandrian School: (Allegorical)
Antiochene School: (Literal)
Term
Alexandrian
Definition
Pantaenus founded it. Clement was next leader. Works: Protepticus (exhortation to the greeks), Paedogogos (Chist the Educator) Stromata (Misc.). Origen, next. 3 meanings of Scrpiture: Literal, Spiritual, Moral. Origen becomes synonymous with allegorical. Origen condemned in 529. So Didymas the Blind took over after. condemned in 553.
Term
Antioch
Definition
Not even a real school of though cause it lacked consistency. Literal Reading of the Text. agreed against Diodorus of Tarsus. Theodore of Mopsuestia!! John Chrysostom. Jerome.
Term
Tertullian
Definition
1st Christian Latin Author. Hippolytus was the last Christian Western writer to write in Greek. Very Extreme.
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