r. 175 - 164 BC

-increased taxes

-tension escalted between rich and poor and pro hellenist/hasidim

-inspired by Alexander the great

-pushes strict Hellenism program on the people

-created "one people" under God

-tensions explode & Jews reject his choice for high priest

Sacked Jerusalem killing many

Suppressed Jewish religion

Mid 4th century 

-constitute, reality can be founded by a trained mind

-Plato's philosophical thoughts

-Higher world of eternal unchanging ideas and forms

-Know forms= know truth

-Use reason to get out of the cave

4th century BC

Athens, Greece

-created by Zeno

-Most popular philosophy in Hellenistic world

-Flourished in Roman Empire

-Also concerned with how individuals find happiness

-Happiness/supreme good could only be found in virtue by living in harmony with divine will

-Exercise divine will by free exercise of one's own will

-Hellenistic world loved the idea

Roman Empire

-Based on same fundamental, individuals could pursue a path to  salvation by being initiated into a union with a savior god or godess who had died and risen again

-Desire for an emotional spiritual experience

-Offered secret teachings with advantages over Roman religion like entry to a higher world of reality and future life superior to present life

300-30 BC

Greece & Macedonia

-Hellenistic means to imitate Greeks

-Started by Alexander the Great

-Greek/Roman culture flourished and spread

31 BC -180 AD

-means Roman peace

-kept peace and stability but with a price, they killed people

-government had complete control

-NO CHRISTIANITY

-stability within empire

-roads

5-67 AD

Rome

-spread the gospel 

-2nd founder of Christianity

-was a Jewish Roman Citizen

-believed message should be preached to Jews and Gentiles

-Universal foundation for spread of Jesus' ideas

-Wrote letters of Christian beliefs

-Most important in early Christianity after Jesus in Early Church

1st century BC

Rome, Italy

-Dominant male in Roman family

-Male=complete control, women had virtually no power

-Roman republic happened 

-Base style of Roman Social Structure

63 AD-313AD

Roman Empire

-started with Nero went through the great persecution with Diocletian

-Persecuted for breaking Greco/Roman culture

-Upset the paterfamilias

-Upset Gods=trouble in the empire

-Put in jail or killed for being Christian

-Tested Christian faith and made it strong

1st century AD

-Monotheism= one god

-torah: their law staying loyal to covenant

-covenant= heard/read what they wanted 

-anxiously awaited geopolitical messiah

-Sort of got Christianity going

-Romans thought christianity was a branch on Judaism

-Jesus came out of Judaism

1st-5th century AD

-Philosophies vital

-emperor worship and mystery religions

-big difference in body, soul, matter, and spirit

-social relationships 

older=better

-orderly for peace/stability

-peace at any cost

31 BC-14 AD

-restoration of the republic

-Augustus= the revered one

-preferred=princeps

-stabilized the military and administrative structures

-27 BC he declared restoration of the republic, was given title Augustus 

-extended the empire

-brought peace

-morality

1st century AD

believed in one God

Unusual for Romans

141-63 BC

Macedonia

-wins brief independence for Judea

-starts conquests on their own and force Jewish religion on non-Jews [instability]

-created alliances with Roman Republic they admired

100 BC

-Roman General

-In 63 BC he conquered and annexed Israel to Rome

-shift from the "God of Israel" to the "God of all nations"

-Restricted/captured by the Jewish culture

175-142 BC

-Rise of Hasmonians

-Judas Maccabeus wins peace with Syna and recaptures the temple

-desecrated temple is cleansed and sacrifices restored

-victory=  festival of lights [hannukah]

1st century AD

-originally supposed to be global in scope or multicultural

-however, Jewish culture captivated it

-Jews focused on quote "I will make you into a great nation"

-Ignored "And in you all families will be blessed"

-Blessing became captive, selfish

threat of cultural captivity of the gospel by some of the first Jewish christians

Paul the Apostle had no cultural captivity

Judaizers Christian= good Jew + Christianity

Forced Hellenization

175-164 BC

-King Antiochus' 4th rein was when it took place

-King authorized for Jewish people to be shown the ways of the Gentiles

-If they worship pagan gods and drop their law, king demanded they be put to death

-Anyone circumsized was put to death

450-431 BC

-First quotification of the Law were the 12 tables of 450 BC

-Body of the law was known as the Law of Nations or the part of the law that we apply to ourselves or to foreigners

-Greek philosophy or stoicism led Romans to believe in the law of Nature or universal divine law

-Gospel of Matthew

-Jesus presented ethical concepts of humanity, charity, and brotherly love

-Forms basis of value system of medieval western civilization

-These were not the values of the classical Greco/Roman civilization

509-264 BC

Rome, Italy       Western Asia       Eastern Europe

-spread by Alexander

-republic=the empire

-one big unified culture

-paterfamilias were part of Roman Republic

341-270 BC [4th Century]

-Founded by Epicurus

-Happiness was goal of life and obtained through pursuit of pleasure

-Held by many

-Was eventually overshadowed by Stoicism

eighth century BC [developed during the Dark Age]

in Greek society

-encompassed a town/city/village

-a community of citizens in which all political, economic, social, cultural, and religious activities were focused

-varied in size

Homer

8th century BC

Mycenaean Greece

-One of the greatest poets of all times

-Poems passed on for many generations

-Wrote Iliad/Odessy

-Taught Aristocratic values such as courage and honor

-Started Greek mythology and gave Greeks text for education

-Wrote Greek history

469-399 BC

Athens

-Left no writing, only known through Pupils

-Plato was his student

-Critic of the sophists

-Known for socratic method

-Believed all real knowledge is within a person

-"The unexamined life is not worth living"

-Tried and executed for heresy and corruption of youth

 Athens

-Question and answer technique to lead pupils to see things for themselves using their own reason

-All of questioning authority led them to trouble

-Socrates was accused for corrupting youth with these teachings

-All real knowledge within person, critical examination needed to call it forward

5th Century

Athens, Greece

-wandering scholars who sold services as professional teachers to young men of Greece

-believed it was impossible to understand universe

-need to understand humans only to improve them

-people though that they harmed/corrupted youth because they thought there was no right or wrong.

-thought there was no universal morality

Plato

429-327 BC

Athens, Greece

-Greatest philosopher of Western civilizaton

-Wrote many things

-Centered around ideas and ideal forms

-Aristotle's teacher, Socrate's student

-Extremely influential in christian theology

-"The Republic" based on his experience in Athens

-Established the "Academy"

382-322 BC

Athens, Greece

-Student of Plato, tutor to Alexander the Great

-Studied for 22 years

-Believed in universal principles, that form and matter were inseperable

-No belief in higher world/based things through research and investigation

-Wrote on many subjects such as physics and bio

-Ideas about women as equals

-Impact on philosophy and theology [Roman Catholics] profound still

Did not accept theory of forms

5th century [word "democracy" was used]

500 BC= Athens had more important role in Greek affairs

Reforms of Cleisthenes created the Athenian democracy

In age of Pericales is when they become attatched to democratic system

Consisted of all males 18+. Assembly passed laws and made decisions. 43000 members, 6000 came

356-323 BC

Macedonia

-King of Macedonia at 20 years old

-Great military leader, master of strategy and tactics

-Creator of the Hellenistic Era

-Took over Persian Empire

-Lived in Macedonia

-Greek language, art, architecture, and literature spread through east

-Legacy was clash and fusion of different cultures

325 AD

-condemned Arianism and stated that Jesus was "of the same substance" as God.

-However, it did not end the controversy

-Called by emperor Constantine

313 AD

Roman Empire

-Constantine's order to allow or tolerate Christianity

-Many people joined the church

-No more persecutions

-Favored christianity

306-337 AD [4th century AD]

Roman Empire

-First Christian Emperor

-Stopped persecutions of Christians and legalized Christianity
-Debates of whether he was a Christian or not

-Wanted Christianity as cement of the Roman Empire

-Built city of Constantine, modern day Istanbul

-Issued Edict of Milan

4th century AD

-one of the major heresys

-product of followers of Arius

-believed Jesus Christ had been human, thus not truly God.

God=eternal --> Jesus christ=created [not eternal]

the holding of religious doctrines different from official teachings of the church

-came to be viewed as a teaching different from the official catholic or universal beliefs

-example of major heresy: arianism

345-420 AD

-Great scholar

-pursued literary studies in Rome

-experienced spiritual conversion

-purified literature of pagan world

-translated old and new testament to Latin

-Created "Latin Vulgate"

345 AD [end of 4th century]

-Latin translation of the bible

-people could actually read it, and not have to go to church to hear priests read it

-became official bible of the Western church

-common language

4th/5th century

-spiritual supervisors

-recognized leader of Christian church

-Peter, first bishop of Rome

4th century

-from Greek world 'asko' meaning exercise

-dying to self in order to live for God

-discipline the body and soul

-practice spiritual disciplines [prayer, med.]

-extreme monasticism

sitting on pole for 40 years, etc.

c. 250-350 [4th century]

a prosperous peasant in Egypt who decided to follow Jesus' injunction in the Gospel of Saint Mark

-desert hermit- sold everything he had

-spoke out againts Arian heresy

Benedict

c. 480-543 AD [4th-5th century]

Saint Benedict of Nursia

-established the fundamental form of monastic life in the Western christian church

-the Benedictine rule was crucial to growth of Monasticism in Western culture

-favored an idea of moderation emphasis on prayer and manual labor

4th century

-initially based on the model of the solitary hermit who forsakes all civilized society to pursue spirituality

-way of life

-monks became bew heroes of christian civilization