Term
| Cathode has a ______ charge |
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Definition
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| Anode has a _______ charge |
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Definition
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| is the distance between consecutive peaks on a sine wave |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ energy emitted by a source and transferred thru space is _____________? |
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Definition
-electromagnetic energy
-electromagnetic radiation |
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Term
Capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts
Can injure humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be |
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Definition
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Definition
| conduction, convection and radiation |
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Term
| What are the protective housing components? |
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Definition
Mechanical support and protection
Metal, lead lined.
High voltage receptacles protect from shock.
Contains oil or a cooling fan. |
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Term
| Function of Glass Envelope |
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Definition
Encloses the cathode and anode
Allows for more efficient x-rays
Maintains vacuum |
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Term
| cathode filament is made of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| this is why in call case you start X-ray first |
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Definition
| “Warm Up” is vital for the “thermal jolt” needed to produce X-rays |
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Term
Temp. controls the quantity of electrons emitted.
Increased temp= |
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Definition
| more electrons, electrical current flow is increased to the tube = increased mA |
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Term
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Definition
| small cloud of electrons near the filament as a result of thermionic emission |
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Term
| condenses electrically negative electron beam from cathode to target. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The anode serves three functions in x-ray tube |
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Definition
Electrical conductor: It receives electrons emitted by cathode and conducts them through tube to connecting cables and back to high voltage generator
Mechanical support- For target
Good thermal conductor |
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Term
| Anode (target) is made of? |
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Definition
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Term
Electro-magnetic Energy-
Field or state of energy
Exists over a wide range called an |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy
Sometimes pictured as a small bundle of energy called a quantum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| X-ray production efficiency |
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Definition
Increases with increasing kVp
Is independent of tube current |
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Term
| A change in mA or mAs results in a _____________ change in the amplitude of the x-ray emission spectrum at all energies |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in kVp affects both the ____________________of the x-ray |
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Definition
| amplitude and the position |
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Term
| How does Tube current affect the size and relative position of x-ray emission spectra? |
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Definition
| Amplitude of the spectrum |
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Term
| How does Tube voltage Affect the size and relative position of X-Ray emission spectra? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Added filtration affect the size and relative position of x-ray emission spectra? |
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Definition
| Amplitude, most effective at low energy |
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Term
| How does the factor Target material affect the size and relative position of x-ray emission spectra? |
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Definition
| Amplitude of spectrum and position of line spectrum |
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Term
| How does voltage waveform affect the size and relative position of X-Ray emission spectra? |
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Definition
| Amplitude, most effective at high energy |
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Term
| Increase in current (mAs) results in what changes to X-Ray beam quality and quantity? |
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Definition
| An increase in quantity. No change in quality. |
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Term
| An increase in voltage (kVp) results in what changes in X-Ray Beam quality and quantity? |
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Definition
| An increase in quantity and quality |
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Term
| An increase in added filtration results in what changes to X-Ray beam quality and quantity? |
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Definition
| A decrease in quantity. An increase in quality. |
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Term
| When water is exposed to radiation, it does what? |
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Definition
| it ionizes and dissociates |
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Term
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Definition
Low scale
Low contrast
Less contrast |
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Term
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Definition
Short scale
High contrast
More contrast |
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Term
| An increase in Kilovoltage results in what change in contrast |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in Grid ration results in what change in contrast |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in Beam restriction results in what change in contrast |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in Image receptor used results in what change in contrast |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in Development time results in what change in contrast |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in Milliampere-seconds results in what change in contrast |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 things to protect you from greater radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two models of cell survival are? |
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Definition
–Single-target
–Multi-target |
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Term
| What are the types of Ionizing Radiation? |
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Definition
•Particulate
•Electromagnetic |
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Term
| Early Effects of Ionizing Radiation at 200 rad/2 Gy over the whole body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Early Effects of Ionizing Radiation at 200 rad/200 Gy over a small field? |
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Definition
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Term
| Early Effects of Ionizing Radiation at 5 rad/50 mGy over the whole body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Early Effects of Ionizing Radiation at 10 rad/100 mGy over the local tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Foundation of X-ray film that provides a rigid structure onto which the emulsion can be applied. |
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Term
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Definition
The most important part of X-ray film
–Contains diagnostic information
–Light and X-rays interact with emulsion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between light and dark portions of the film |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitivity of the screen-film combination to x-rays and light |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposed silver halides are converted into metallic silver |
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Term
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Definition
| Development stops, Unexposed silver halides are removed, Emulsion hardened |
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Term
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Definition
| Study and measurement of film response to changes in exposure and processing condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Unintended optical density on a radiograph that reduces contrast because of light or chemical contamination |
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Term
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Definition
| Movie camera that records image on cine film |
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Term
| What is the sequence of events in processing a radiograph |
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Definition
| 1. Wetting 2. Developing 3. Rinsing in stop bath 4. Fixing 5. Washing 6. Drying |
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Term
| Analog acquisition four steps |
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Definition
–Development
–Fixation
–Washing
–Drying |
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Term
| alters image appearance for the purpose of improving image contrast |
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Definition
| Preprocessing the digital image |
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Term
| the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the mass of 1000cm3 of water at 4 C. |
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Term
| Force applied times the distance over which it is applied |
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Definition
Work
•W = Fd
•Measured in joules (J) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion |
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Definition
Kinetic energy
•KE = ½ mv2 |
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Term
| The stored energy of position |
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Definition
Potential energy
-PE = mgh where h is the distance above the earth’s surface |
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Term
| The kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules |
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Definition
Heat
•Transferred by conduction, convection and radiation |
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Term
| The external structure of the x-ray tube consists of three parts: |
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Definition
–Support structure
–Protective Housing
–Glass or metal envelope |
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Term
| What is the glass envelope made of? |
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Definition
Pyrex
•Has expansion characteristics of the surrounding metal |
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Term
| Makes it difficult for subsequent electron emission because of the electrostatic repulsion |
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Definition
Space Charge
(Space Charge Effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rotating-disk shaped 3400-10000 rpm. Stationary-used in dental X-rays |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrons flow in one direction along the conductor |
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Term
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Definition
| current in which electrons oscillate back and forth. The waveform for AC is a sine wave |
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Term
| more sensitive to radiation than mature cells. |
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Definition
| Stem cells (undifferentiated, immature cells) |
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