Term
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Definition
| Composed of gas that respires (alveolar ventilation) and gas that does not respire (dead-space ventilation) per unit time |
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Term
| Alveolar ventilation (VA) |
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Definition
–Effective ventilation.
–That portion of the total ventilation that undergoes molecular gas exchange with pulmonary blood |
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Term
| Physiological dead space (VD) |
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Definition
–Not physiologically effective
–That portion of the total ventilation that does not undergo molecular gas exchange with pulmonary blood |
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Term
| Fraction inspired oxygen (FIO2) |
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Definition
| The measurable or calculable concentration of oxygen delivered to the patient |
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Term
| Oxygen saturation of venous blood is typically what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mixed Venous Saturation (SVO2) |
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Definition
–The degree to which potential oxygen-carrying hemoglobin sites have oxygen attached
–Dependent on arterial oxygen saturation, hemoglobin concentration, cardiac output, and tissue oxygen demands
–Oxygen saturation of venous blood is typically 60 - 80%. |
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Term
| Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve (HDC or HgO2DC) |
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Definition
–A sigmoid shaped curve that shows the relationship of plasma oxygen partial pressure to the degree to which potential oxygen-carrying hemoglobin sites have oxygen attached
–% saturation oxygen |
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Term
| Arterial saturation (SAO2) |
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Definition
–The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
–Oxygen saturation of arterial blood is normally 95 - 98%. |
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Term
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Definition
| The walls of the airways, especially the bronchi and bronchioles, offer some resistance to the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
–The amount of acid or base required to titrate a sample of whole arterial blood to the normal pH of 7.4
–BE is determined mathematically by calculations that include measurement of the blood pCO2 and pH and take into account the hemoglobin level.
–BE is negative (base deficit) in acidosis and positive in alkalosis. |
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Term
| Base Excess (BE) is positive when and negative when? |
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Definition
| Positive in alkalosis and negative in acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Perfusion - the blood which reaches the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
–The ventilation/perfusion ratio is a measurement used to evaluate the efficiency and adequacy of the functioning of the two variables.
–A normal value is approximately 0.8. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area with no ventilation, and therefore a V/Q of zero |
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Term
|
Definition
•The portion of ventilation that does not undergo respiration.
•Occupies areas of the lung that do not allow for 02 and C02 exchange with blood
•Physiologically ineffective portion of ventilation that requires energy but provides no respiratory benefit |
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Term
| Total ventilation is equal to what? (formula) |
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Definition
| Total ventilation is equal to alveolar ventilation plus deadspace ventilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alveolar deadspace results when gas is exchanged with an unperfused alveolus (deadspace unit) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomic deadspace comprises the gas volume that occupies the pulmonary conducting system |
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Term
| High alveolar ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) |
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Definition
| High alveolar ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) represents fresh gas exchange in the alveolus that is in excess of the alveolar perfusion |
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Term
|
Definition
Arterial 7.35 - 7.45
Mixed Venous 7.35 - 7.45 |
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Term
|
Definition
Arterial 35 - 45 mmHg
Mixed Venous 35 - 45 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
Arterial >80 mmHg
Mixed Venous 35 - 45 mmHg |
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Term
|
Definition
Arterial 24 ± 2 mEq/l
Mixed Venous 24 ± 2 mEq/l |
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Term
|
Definition
Arterial 0 ± 2 mEq/l
Mixed venous 0 ± 2 mEq/l |
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Term
|
Definition
Arterial 95%
Mixed Venous 65 - 75% |
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Term
| Venous samples should be obtained from where? Gives the most accurate mixed venous sample |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Internal
– Systemic capillary system
• External
– Pulmonary capillary system |
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Term
| Arterial blood is normally fully saturated after what fraction of capillary contact? |
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Definition
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Term
| What reflects the gas tension or "driving pressure", required for diffusion? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The greater the tension, the greater the driving pressure |
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Term
| For diffusion to take place there must be a what? |
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Definition
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Term
| affects the tone of the smooth muscle of the arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Pulmonary perfusion is dependent on what? |
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Definition
–Gravity
–Cardiac output (Q)
–Significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) |
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Term
| Alveolar septal wall destruction |
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Definition
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Term
| A single RBC contains approximately how many molecules of Hgb |
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Definition
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Term
| Each Hemoglobin molecule contains how many heme groups, each contain a single iron binding site. |
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Definition
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Term
| When Oxyhemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen to the tissues, the hemoglobin is called _______________ or reduced hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein Globin is formed by the combination of how many specific amino acid polypeptide chains? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is known as the molecule lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| Refers to the force of attraction that hemoglobin has for oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Most common cause of true shunt |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
–CaO2 = (pO2 x 0.0031) + (Hgb x 1.39 x SO2)
–pO2 x 0.0031 represents the amount of O2 dissolved in plasma
–(Hgb x 1.39 x SO2) reflects the amount of oxygen bound with hemoglobin (Oxyhemoglobin or HbO2). |
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Term
| 1 gm of hemoglobin, 100% saturated, can carry how much oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Arterial-venous oxygen (A-VDO2) normal value |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the cellular O2 tension at which the mitochondrial respiratory rate begins to fall or decrease. |
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Term
| Determines the driving pressure to load oxygen onto the Hgb at the alveolar/capillary level |
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Definition
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Term
| Hgb has a ________ times greater affinity for CO than O2 |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
•Hypoxemic
•Anemic
•Circulatory
•Histotoxic |
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Term
| What are the three mechanisms for Compensation for Hypoxia? |
|
Definition
-Chemoreceptors
-Pulmonary System
-Cardiac Response |
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|
Term
–Clusters of nerve-like tissue found in the carotid artery and aortic arch
–This tissue mass has a high metabolic rate and is very sensitive to decreases in the oxygen supply |
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Definition
Chemoreceptors
–Normally activated at pO2 levels less than 60-7 0mmHg
–Stimulates ventilation (hypoxic drive) |
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Term
| Most common compensatory response to hypoxemia |
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Definition
Cardiac response
–Increased flow (Q) will increase the amount of O2 delivered to the tissues per unit time |
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Term
| Four major buffer systems in man |
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Definition
–Hemoglobin (Hgb)
–Bicarbonate (CO2 and HCO3-)
–Phosphate (HPO4-2 and H2PO4-)
–Serum protein (amino acids) |
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Term
| A weak acid or base that can donate or accept H+ to a solution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Maintain an adequate PaO2
•Minimize cardiopulmonary work
•Prevent or alleviate hypoxia
•Criteria for use:
–PaO2
–Vital organ function
–General clinical appearance of the patient
–Indices of cardiovascular stress:
•Heart rate
•Blood pressure |
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Term
| All oximetry is based on _______________that measure the portions of light transmitted and/or absorbed by the hemoglobin moiety. |
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Definition
| spectrophotometric principles |
|
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Term
| measures relative blood concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and reduced hemoglobin. |
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Definition
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Term
| a dedicated spectrophotometer that is designed to measure oxygen saturation. |
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Definition
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Term
| the technique for measuring the percentage of hemoglobin in arterial blood saturated with oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Saturation levels of less than ____ are a cause for concern |
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Definition
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Term
| avoids the potential risks of monitoring arterial blood gases. |
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Definition
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Term
| With pulse oximetry how often should the site be changed to prevent pressure necrosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The single most important identifier of critical mishap events |
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Definition
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Term
| Oximeters use two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit light at the _____(red) and the _______(infrared) wavelengths. |
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Definition
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Term
| the maximum partial pressure of CO2 exhaled during tidal breath (just before the beginning in inspiration) – designated PetCO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| he measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the exhaled gas. |
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Definition
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Term
| The standard of care for general anesthesia |
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Definition
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Term
| RVH due to pulmonary hypertension is known as |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Normal values for Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) |
|
Definition
- Non-smoker: 0 to 1.5%
- Smoker: 1.5 to 5% |
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Term
| Methemoglobin (MetHb) is what type of deficiency? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| chemoreceptors are normally activated at pO2 levels less than what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dissolved CO2 (dCO2)is responsible for ___ of the CO2 transported by the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Responsible for 23% of the CO2 transported |
|
Definition
| Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) |
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|
Term
| Responsible for 70% of the CO2 transported in the body |
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Definition
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