Term
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Definition
Radial - Regular Arrangement around central core. (Starfish)
Bilateral - A single Cut. (Sagittal Cut in Humans) |
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Term
| "Universal" Directional Terms |
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Definition
Dorsal/Ventral- Back to Stomach
Cranial/Caudal - Head to Tail |
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Term
| "Selective" Directional Terms |
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Definition
Anterior/Posterior (Usually in Bipeds) - Stomach to Back.
Superior/Inferior (BIPED ONLY) - Head to Toe. |
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Term
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Definition
-Transverse - Divides the Cranial/Caudal
-Cross-Section - Divides Cranial/Caudal
-Frontal - Divides Dorsal and Ventral
-Sagittal(Longitudinal) - Divides the organisms right and left. |
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Term
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Definition
Proximal - Closer to main axis
Distal - Farther away from main axis. (Distant) |
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Term
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Definition
-Located on top of the skin(dermis).
-Embryonic Origin? Ecto-derm
-Cellular Makeup? Squamous Cell (Flattened Shape) |
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Term
| What is the main protein in the skin? |
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Definition
| Keratin. - Made up in the hair, nails, etc. |
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Term
| Stratum Germinativum/Basale |
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Definition
| innermost layer of epidermis, single layer, youngest. |
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Term
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Definition
-Outermost layer of epidermis
-Oldest
-Many Layers
-Prevents Water Loss
-Points of contact in the skin to environment. |
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Term
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Definition
ONLY FOUND IN VERTEBRATES.
-Section below the epidermis
- Embryonic Origin: Mesoderm
- Make up: majority is from the maturing fibroblasts from connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Thinner outer layer, diffuses through skin, large glands in Dermis are poison glands; exocrine gland has ducts which allow hormones to be released. |
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Term
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Definition
The layer below the Dermis.
-Superficial Fascia (Microscopic: "hypodermis"
-Blubber = Connective Tissue fibers + 50% fat.
Function: Storing energy, insulation, streamlines/hydrodynamics, buoyancy. |
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Term
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Definition
Pinnipeds - walrus + seals
Cetaceans - Whales/Dolphins |
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Term
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Definition
-Both Sexes
- No Branching
- Continued growth (No Shedding)
- Composition: Cornified skin w/ dermal bone core. (Hollow) |
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Term
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Definition
- Only in males (Exception: Reindeer/Caribou)
- BRANCHING
- lost seasonally (Sheds)
- Composition: bony skull outgrowth with a velvet epidermis. |
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Term
| Types of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Dense
Cartilage
Blood
Bone
Loose |
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Term
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Definition
Advantage: Weighs less/less dense + more flexible.
Embryonic Origin: Mesoderm
Composition/Development: Extracellular nutrients + condritin + SO4. The cells in cartilage are known as chondrocytes.
Vascular Supply: No - Only with pericardium (sac that contain the heart) Heals slowly. |
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Term
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Definition
Hyaline- Few Fibers and very transulucent, but very homogenous w one type.
Function: Helps stop microscopic grating & bone to bone contact.
Sites: Trachea, the proximal part of ribcage connecting to sternum, skeleton during development. |
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Term
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Definition
A mix of condritin, SO4, and Collagen
Sites: Between the Vertebrate, pubic symphosis allows birth expansion, patella. |
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Term
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Definition
Mixed w/ Elastin
-Ear Nose
-epiglottis (Flap between digestive/respiratory airways. |
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Term
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Definition
Endochondrol- Cartilaginous framework to the bone. Ossified cartilage. Ex: Long bones of the body ie. Femur.
Intramembranous - Mesenchymal Cells -> Osteoblasts -> Osteocytes -> Osteoclasts(Degrade the bone) Made up of CaPO4. |
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Term
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Definition
Cell type + extracellular matrix
Spongy /cancellous + compact
Very vascular. |
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Term
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Definition
Protection
Feeding
Respiration/Cooling |
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Term
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Definition
(ONE OF THREE COMPONENTS OF CRANIUM)
Chondro = Cartilage (Shark/Lamprey)
Location: Caudal + floor of brain case
Origin: Meso and Ecto
Development: Endochondral |
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Term
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Definition
Splancho = ancient
Pharyngial/Brachial Arches[Mandible Arce/Hyoid]
Origin: Ecto
Development: Endochondral |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Dorsal-Lateral "Flatbones" of outer skull. Mammals: Jaws(Roofs of oral cavity and mandible)
Origin: Meso
Development: Intramembranous |
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Term
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Definition
-Agnathans: w/o jaws(lamprey): Splanchocranium make up.
Then - Gnathosomes: Pharyngeal arches/Bronchial arches = Jaws |
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Term
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Definition
Reptiles(Birds/Bony Fishes)- Articular/Quadrate Junction.
Mammals - Dentary/Squamosal(Entire bone is the temporal bone) Junction. And post dentary bones are either lost or sent to ear. |
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Term
| Mammalian Middle Ear Bone Evolution |
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Definition
Articular - Malleus
Quadrate - Incus
Columella - Stapes |
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Term
Sound Paths
Middle Species |
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Definition
For mammals: External Ear; Tempranic Membrane; Middle Ear(MIS); Inner
For reptiles: Same pathway, but only have a Colemella(Stapes).
Fish do not need a middle ear due to median.
Therapsid(Primitive mammal) Diarthnogthus - known to have a double hinged jaw. Some skimmer birds have it. |
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Term
| Kinetic Skull Vs. Akenetic |
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Definition
The primary palate is chondo ie Reptillians have this form. The braincase can move.
Mammals have the akinetic braincase P.277 |
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Term
| How is a lizards tongue ejected and retracted? |
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Definition
Hyoid Apprartus...Splancho connected to an accelerator muscle pushes off lingual process for extension.
It retracts by the Glassohyal tugging on the accelerator muscle. |
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Term
| How does the amphibian eject/retract its tongue? |
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Definition
| Since it does not have a well devoloped Hyoid apparatus like the lizard its solely based upon the lingual muscles. |
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Term
| Advantages and Disadvantages of H20 viscosity |
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Definition
Advantages-
Creates a vacuum
Disadvantages - Shock waves sent out when changes in water/direction occur. |
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Term
| Mysticetes vs. Odontocetes |
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Definition
Mysticetes - Examples: Baleen, Fin whales (Humpback, blue), and right.
Odontocetes - Toothed Whales, Killer/Orca/Orca whales. |
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Term
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Definition
The use of baleen made from keratin only found on the upper jaw.
The Fin Whale: Grooves underneath mouth called rorquals extend to take in large amounts of water + food. (Gulpers).
Right Whales - Skimmers, swims around with mouth catching plankton in baleen.
Humpback: Tail at surface, bubble cloud, and vocalizations. |
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Term
| Chondrichthyans (Crainial Components and How They Feed): |
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Definition
The Shark Category (once again Chondro = cartilage).
Main Cranial Component: Primary cranial component: chondrocranium.
How they feed: double jointed hyoid allows teh shark to move lower jaw forward to align with upper jaw + lower teeth to grip prey better. Why Protract? Hydrodynamic. |
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Term
| TYPES OF TEETH: Polyphyodonty vs. Diphyodonty &&& Heterodont vs Homodont |
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Definition
Poly- many teeth (lower verts and sharks) Usually Homo
Di - 2 sets of teeth (Most Mammals) Usually hetero.
Heterodont means different types of teeth in jaw and Homodont means same teeth throughout jaw. |
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Term
| Vertebrate Axial Skelaton: Notochord vs. Vertebral Column |
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Definition
Notochord: (Early Support) For support to prevent the telescope effect ie. the Lamprey. Fibrous connective tissue + fluid. Mesoderm origins.
Vertebral Column - 1st Role: Protection 2nd Roles: muscle attachment; locomotion; support; (These occured due to movement to dry land). |
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal - protects neural tubes
Ventral - Surrounds blood vessels.
It went arches then centra in process of evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
Acoelus - lumbar. Both ends are flat. No motion.
Amphicoelous - Fish (Both ends are concave) Limited motion.
Procoelous - Anterior end is concave. Reptiles Ball and Socket. Lots of MOTION!
Opisthocoelous - Reptiles (reverse of pro)
Heterocoelous - Birds/Turtle - saddle shaped allowing extensive lateral and dorsoventral motion. |
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Term
| Does the Notocord exist in Humans? |
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Definition
| YES! During devolopment it provides support and structure, but later becomes the center of the IV disks. |
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Term
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Definition
Allows for:
Nodding
Centrum on Bottom Cavity
No Hemal Arch |
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Term
| Purpose of Skeletal Trunk/Arches. |
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Definition
Trunk: Protection of the Nerve Chord, Locomotion through contractions. (THink FISH)
Hemal Arches: Caudal Region - protects this region from the tails ability to spiral the spine.
Neural Arches: ALL parts of trunk - protects spinal nerve chord. |
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Term
| Whats special about Ceolacanth's and Agnathans trunks? |
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Definition
| No Centra: Ie. Hollow spines. |
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Term
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Definition
Sylopodium
Fore: Humerus
Hind: Acetabulum |
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Term
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Definition
Fore: Radius and Ulna
Hind: Tibia and Fibula |
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