Term
| What are the three common regulatory controls of metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
- Controlling enzyme concentration: changing rates of transciption/degradation
- Controlling catalytic activities →reversible alloseteric regulation, feedback inhibition, reversible covalent modification
- Controlling substrate accessibility→ compartmentalization helps control movement of substrates into cells and subcellular compartments
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Term
| Group Elimination or Addition |
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Definition
- Group Elimination → in order to form double bonds
- Group Addition → forms single bonds
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Term
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Definition
- Cleave bonds by the addition of water
- Extremely common reactions in catabolic pathways.
- Uses a class of enzymes callyed hydrolases
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Term
| How many alpha helixes is the aquaporin monomer composed of? |
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Definition
- 8 total → 6 transmembrane; 2 non-membrane
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Term
| What are the four ways that limit metabolism? |
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Definition
- Types of Energy
- Limited numbers of key nodal molecules → key intermediates that go in multiple metabolic pathways → e.g. Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA, Glucose-6-phosphate
- Types of reactions
- Types of Regulation mechanisms
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells. |
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Term
| What are mammalian aquaporins responsible for? |
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Definition
- Regulate water transport in kidneys
- Fluid transport in the lens of the eyes
- Control water homeostasis in thebran
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Term
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Definition
- Water specific channels
- 10 family proteins → 100s of members
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Term
| What is passive transport also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the inputs & outpouts of the insulin receptor? |
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Definition
- Input → Insulin
- Output → the uptake of blood glucose by tissues for fuel storage.
*Insulin is not necessary for glucose transport into the brain, but cannot occur without it in for example adipose tissue.
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Term
| How does metabolic flow control the overall directionality of the pathway? |
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Definition
- Controls the activity of one enzyme for a non-equilibrium reaction → determines the flow of metabolites
- Opposing reactions create a cycle in which both reactions occur simultaneously
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Term
| How do anabolic and catabolic pathways differ? |
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Definition
- Catabolic pathways → degradation; do not require input of energy.
- Anabolic pathways → "synthetic;" make larger molecules from smaller one with the input of energy
- Differ at, at least one ore more reactions
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Term
| What is the committed step? |
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Definition
- The first step in the pathway that commits the 'product' formed thus far to subsequent steps
- Metabolically irreversible step
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Term
| Why are metabolic pathways irreversible? |
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Definition
| The exergonic reactions within the pathway, give it directionality. |
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Term
| What is active transport facilitated by? |
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Definition
| The input of energy, such as the hydrolysis of ATP. |
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Term
What are glycolopids?
What are they derived drom?
Amino Acid significance? |
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Definition
- sugar containing lipids derived from sphingosine
- The amino group at sphingosine is acylated by fatty acid.
- Ex. Cerebroside → glucose or galactose attached at hydroxyl group
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Term
| How does cAMP activate the glucose catabolism pathway? |
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Definition
| cAMP is an intracellular second messenger that activates the kinase that will activate other celluar targets involved in glucose catabolism and ATP production |
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Term
| How is Adenylate cyclase turned off? |
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Definition
- Gα contains intrinsic GTPase that hydrolyzes GTP to GDP which limits the time adenyl cyclase is active.
- Gα (GDP form) reassociates with the βγ dimer.
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Term
| What are two ways to inhibit translation in Adenylate cyclase ...? |
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Definition
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