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Definition
CNS
Brain and Spinal cord only |
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| Imaginary line in the center of the spinal cord |
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| back, but spine curves so dorsal is also top |
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| "Hot Dog Slice" right down the middle |
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| "Hamburger Slice" - horizontal to the floor |
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Definition
| organs, glands, cardiac muscles, smooth muscle |
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Term
| PNS-Autonomic-Parasympathetic |
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Definition
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Term
| PNS-Autonomic-Sympathetic |
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Definition
using energy, stress, some types or emergency
if running for too long mental and physical health consequences
post traumatice stress syndrome |
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Term
| Contralateral and Ipsilateral |
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Definition
contralateral - opposite side
ipsilateral - same side |
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Definition
| Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum |
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| Jaw muscles, sensory and motor |
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Definition
| Face Muscles, sensory and motor |
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Definition
| Hearing and balance, sensory only |
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Definition
| throat/laranyx, sensory and motor |
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Definition
| Internal Organs - sensory and motor |
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| tounge movements, motor only |
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Definition
| cerebro spinal fluid - constantly being produced |
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Definition
Dura Mater - Top - Thick
Arachnoid Mater - Middle
Pia Mater - Bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines ventricles and produces CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral-Foramen of Monro - Third - Aqueduct of Sylvius - Fourth - Foramen of Lushka - Subarachnoid Space |
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Definition
| space occupying mass (tumor) |
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Definition
| old people, alzheimers, schizophrenics, anorexics |
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Term
| Hindbrain - Myelenchehalon |
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Definition
| Medulla Oblongta - medullary |
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Term
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Definition
| Metencephalon - pons and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
-Contains millions and millions of neurons = fibers of passage
-almost all vital information goes through the medulla |
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Term
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Definition
-size of the opneings in the cells and distance from capillary and brain
-not absolute, some nasty things can cross |
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Definition
| Many nuclei involving sleep, waking, arousal, dreaming |
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Definition
-Attached to the brain by the penducles
-involved in movement - computer to coordinate sensory information, muscle information, make on-going movements smooth and coordinated
-doesn't initiate, just makes them move once they are started
-movement without a goal is senseless; you must have incoming sensory information |
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Term
| Damage to Cerebellum - Spastic |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to Cerebellum - Ataxic |
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Definition
| Stumbling drunk, newborn colt |
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Term
| Damage to Cerebellum - Atonia |
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Definition
| Generalized muscular weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| Dysmetria - misjudges the distance of things |
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Term
| Damage to Cerebellum - Dysdiadochokinesia |
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Definition
| Robotic movements, every movement is broken down, must think through every movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Tectum - Superior Colliculi |
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Definition
| Orienting to visual stimluli - what and where |
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Term
| Tectum - Inferior Colliculi |
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Definition
| Orienting to auditory stimuli |
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Definition
-right visual cortex striate removed
-blind in left visual field in both eyes
-could point to a stimulus in Blind LVF
-Could distinguish between X and O 90% of the time
-Could distinguish between red and green stimulus 90% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
Several nuclei, most important = substantia Nigra - manufactures dopamine
-dopamine is taken from SN up to BG where it is released |
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Term
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Definition
-Can only treat symptoms
-No gender differences
-Have to lose 80% of SN before any symptoms manifest |
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Term
| Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 1 |
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Definition
-Unilateral posterual disturbance "tilt"
-maybe a slight resting tremor
-doesn't effect social life, job, etc. |
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Term
| Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 2 |
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Definition
| -Bilateral disturbance, stooped posture, bilateral tremor, hands and fingers are juxtapose, movements get smaller and smaller, shuffle feet, voice gets softer, expression gets less dramatic, turn with whole body - don't pivot, Bradykinesia = slow movements, often experience falls |
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Term
| Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 3 |
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Definition
- Propulsion - step too far out and can't catch themselves
-Retropulsion - can't catch themselves backwards
-After sitting or laying or falling they become frozen and they can't move, have to trick themselves into moving
-Gate disturbances, postural instability |
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Term
| Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 4 |
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Definition
| Should not be left alone, sig. difficulty caring for themselves, trouble chewing and swallowing, limited walking ability, very prone to falls, black stare on face, face breaks out |
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Term
| Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 5 |
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Definition
-Invalid, confined to bed, wheelchair
-Death |
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Term
| Parkinsons Cognitive Problems |
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Definition
-Memory defecits - Between stages 3 & 4
-Rule Memory - Stage 4
-Wander away - Stage 5
-Micrographia - writing gets smaller and smaller and shakier |
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Term
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Definition
Tyrosine - L-Dopa - Dopamine
-L-Dopa - alleviates symptoms, harsh side effects, only take if neccessary
-Stage 1 - no meds
-Stage 2 - low L-Dopa
-Stage 3 - moderate L-Dopa
-Stage 4 - Very High L-Dopa
Beyond Stage 5 no more meds
**All patients get L-Dopa and Deprenyl** |
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Term
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Definition
| Instantly attacked and killed SN |
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Term
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Definition
| -Controls pituitary gland, eating, drinking, fight, fleeing, mating, temperature regulation, sleeping |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland - Anterior Lobe |
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Definition
2 stages:
Stage 1: cells send signaling hormones called releasing hormones
Stage 2: Produces hormones into blood |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland - Posterior Lobe |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones involved in eating |
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Definition
MCH=Melanin Concentrated Hormone
Orexin |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuropeptide Y - Arcuate Nucleus - Releases Neuropeptide Y - Triggers MCH and Orexin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-15-20% die from the disorder
-Typically starts in adolescence - usually by dieting - dieting comes with reinforcement
-slowly and gradually becomes more and more concerned about weight
-develops fear of being overweight and control issue
-Strongly increase exercise
-People become very concerned
-Taken to doctor against will
-Bulemia may be involved
-Possibly institutionalized
-Often cook alot, dream about food, collect reciepies
-Very mized messages about whether they are actually hungry
-usually very high acheivers |
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Definition
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Definition
single most important place for emotional expression
damage = very low emotion |
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Term
| Focal Epilepsy in Amygdala |
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Definition
-Emotional outbursts
-Post Ictal depression - nerves are tired after epilepsy |
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Term
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Definition
"Girl Story"
-Flat affect
-Pathologically low affect
-No emotion |
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Term
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Definition
-Epilepsy at age 16, consistently getting worse
-at age 27 2-3 Grand Mal Seizures a day
-Removed Hippocampus, most of amygdala
-Bilateral hippocampectome, amydalectomy, and some surrounding cortex
-completely stopped seizures
-did not change IQ
-did change behavior
-severe memory problems
-Anterograde Amnesia - can't learn new things
-can recall things from before operation
-Short term memory is there but any interruptions and its gone
-No symantic memory
-No episodic memory
could learn procedural memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Hippocampal and surrounding cortex - declarative memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporal cortex and basal ganglia |
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Term
| Hemisphere Specialization |
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Definition
Left Hemisphere-controls right side
Right Hemisphere-controls left side
"True" langauge "mostly" in most people a function of left hemisphere
False - No right brained, left brained people |
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Term
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Definition
Sulcus Fissure - "Central Rolondo" - verticle, middle, top
Longitudinal - Sylvian Fissure - horizontal - middle - front |
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Term
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Definition
-damage to area above Sylvian Fissure
-inability to talk
-frontal left damage |
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Term
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Definition
-"split brain"
-something placed in right hand they can identify it
-something placed in left hand they can't identify it - know what they object is, but can't say it |
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Term
| Symptoms of Broca's Aphasia |
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Definition
-very poor articulation
-searching for a word
-agrammatism - omit function words
-anomia - not being able to find the right words
-often able to say over learned expressions
-strings run together
-can sing songs they know with words they can't say
-can say emtionally toned words with great clarity |
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Term
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Definition
-Musicality and emotionality driven speech
-right frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
Posterior, suferior left temporal lobe
-very rapid speech
-very good articulation
-very poor content and vey little comprehension "word salad" |
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Term
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Definition
Posterior, suferior left temporal lobe
-very rapid speech
-very good articulation
-very poor content and vey little comprehension "word salad" |
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Term
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Definition
Posterior, suferior left temporal lobe
-very rapid speech
-very good articulation
-very poor content and vey little comprehension "word salad" |
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Term
| 3 problems with Wernicki's |
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Definition
-difficulty wth perceptual recognition with words, often can't break down words into physical components
-meaning
-convert thoughts to words
**almost never aware of their deficit** |
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Term
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Definition
| -Primary motor cortex for opposite 1/2 of "moving" body - "upside down" - top controls foot - leg - arm - face |
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Term
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Definition
| -Primary somatosensory cortex = opposite 1/2 = upside down - "feeling" |
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Term
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Definition
-Phineas Gage - rod in head - complete personality change
-massive damage to the frontal lobe, doesn't change IQ
-dorsal and ventral division
-Orbital = ventral medial |
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Term
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Definition
-short term memory
-inablility to inhibit on-going behavior and shift to new behavior
-temporal memory (sequences) |
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Term
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Task |
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Definition
-4 decks of cards
-Shape, color, and number
-sort into 4 piles so that each card in each deck is similar
-tell patient it's not correct
-patient SHOULD change sorting styles
-if dorsal lateral damage is present patient can't switch |
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Term
| Orbital/Ventral Medial Damage |
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Definition
| -lose the ability to judge what behaviors are socially appropriate |
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Term
| Neurons - 3 functional areas |
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Definition
-Receives Information
-Integration
-Sends Information |
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Term
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Definition
| -Leaving the cell body ae multiple poles and stalks |
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Definition
| only 2 - contained in sensory systems alot in vision |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-membrane around the cell body
-very protective
-keeps things in and keeps things out
-called the plasma membrane
-phosphate head and 2 lipid tails
-everything in the cell has a plasma membrane |
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Definition
| hydrophobic - fat doesn't like water |
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Definition
-spreading out molecules from high concentration to low concentration
-Spread out because they are bouncing off of each other |
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Definition
-opposites attract and like charges repel
-electrolytes - molecules that wehn dissolved in water, split into charged particles = ions
-Salt - most important in body |
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Term
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Definition
-Channels on the dendrites are activted by neurotransmitters
-Channels on the axon are activated by electricity |
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Term
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Definition
A Resting Potential
A-B Subthreshold Depolarizations
B Threshold of Excitation -65mv
B-C Na+ enters the cell
C Na+ channels close/k+ channels open
C-D k+ exits the cell
D k+ channels close
D-E resting potential restored
1) diffusion
2) sodium-potassium pump
E resting potential |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-occurs at Nodes of Ranvier
-saves energy because action only occurs at NofR
-Much faster - sparking down the axon=salatory conduction
-Action potential does not decrease in amplitude as they travel down the axon, they are self-regenerating
-All-or-None - fires or doesn't
-Stimulus intensity is by action potential frequency and number of neurons firing |
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Term
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Definition
-extremely small, poeple used to think there was no space
-speed slower at synapse b/c exchange of chemicals slows down electricity
-Otto Leowi and frong experiment |
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Term
| Chemical Transmission at Synapse |
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Definition
1. Ca++ enter the terminal button
2. cause vesicles to migrate to presynaptic membrane
3. Fusion with pre synaptic membrane
4. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapes
**synapse vessicles follow through "ropes" of protiens to land on post synaptic receptors** |
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Term
| Post Synaptic Receptors - Ionotropic |
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Definition
neurotransmitters simply open the door, but does not enter the cell
-sodium of potassium enters/leaves the cell and may or may not have action potential
-sodium (excitatory) - could fire
-Potassium (inhibitory) - inhibits the cell |
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Term
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Definition
-protein pump in the membrane sucks neurotransmitter up
-almost all neurotransmitters
-extremely rapid |
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Term
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Definition
-break aparet neurotransmitters not reuptaken
-acetylcholine |
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Term
| Two types of post synaptic receptors |
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Definition
Ionotropic-lock and key - opens pore - allows ions to flow
Metabotropic - indirect, long lasting, slower effect |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that enhances the post synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter whether the neurotransmitter is inhibitory of excitatory |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that hinders the post synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter, whether the neurotransmitter is inhibitory or excitatory |
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