Term
| What is cross-Cultural Psychology? |
|
Definition
- To do with studying similarities or differences across two or more different cultural groups
- Concerned with how culture influences or affects psychological processes, and identifying commonalities or contrasts across cultures. |
|
|
Term
| Individualistic cultures characteristics |
|
Definition
- The concept of the self is defined as separate
- The interests of the individual are given priority
- The independence and autonomy of the individual are emphasised
- The pursuit and fulfilment of individual goals are expected
- Behaviour is explained in terms of individual decisions and attributes
- Accumulation of individual wealth and possessions is the norm
- Leadership, competitiveness, aggression and achievement are normal |
|
|
Term
| Collectivist cultures characteristics |
|
Definition
- The concept of the self is defined only in relation to the group
- The interests of the group are given priority
- The interdependence and solidarity of people within the group are emphasised
- The pursuit of happiness and harmony is expected
- Behaviour is explained in terms of adherence to group norms
- Collective ownership of resources is the norm
- Group conformity, obligation and sense of duty are normal |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with an individualist / collectivist approach |
|
Definition
- Homogeneity within nations. The idea that everyone in a collectivist nation would have a more collectivist understanding of themselves.
- Doesn’t take in to account the cross-border cultural influences. E.g. If there is more collectivist culture next to individualistic culture and is separated by the line, doesn’t make sense.
- Collectivist and Individualist orientations at the individual level. E.g. Japanese is more collectivist culture, whereas New Zealand is more individualistic, so a person who is mixed culture wouldn’t be a set orientation (would normally change from one to the other in different surroundings). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The changes and consequences that occur for individuals as a result of crossing from one cultural context to another.
- There are many instances where acculturation has occurred by force e.g. when Maori’s were forced to pick up European norms. Refugees forced to move due to violence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integration (Acculturation) |
|
Definition
| Try to maintain heritage culture and embrace new host culture |
|
|
Term
| Separation (Acculturation) |
|
Definition
| Completely despise new culture norms and maintain old culture |
|
|
Term
| Assimilation (Acculturation) |
|
Definition
| Dismiss old culture and fully embrace new culture norms |
|
|
Term
| Marginalisation (Acculturation) |
|
Definition
| Distance yourself from your original culture as well as distancing yourself from the host culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- The tendency for an individual’s own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world.
- View your own lifestyle as the norm and looking at other culture lifestyles as strange
- Own lifestyle viewed as the norm whilst other lifestyles are view as strange and/or inferior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generalised view of social groups; the belief that all members of a particular cultural group share common traits or behaviours.
- - Ideas and discourses (stereotypes) that are carried around our culture, influences how we view particular social policies and issues, and how we view or treat individuals around us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having unreasonable and negative stereotypes about members of another group (negatively pre-judging) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The behaviour manifestation of prejudiced attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups, as well as the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority. It is embedded into the structures of our societies, differences in the way that we allow things to happen. |
|
|
Term
| Cross-Cultural Psychology Critiques |
|
Definition
- Be wary of universalism. The idea that psychological phenomena is expressed across all cultures around the world.
- Could be quiet damaging imposing some rules that are normal in one cultural group but unseen in another |
|
|
