Term
Sussman and Rosenfeld
conversational distances |
|
Definition
| Venezualans prefer closer conversational distances and Japanese prefer wider conversational distances (compared to Americans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we all begin with natural equipment with thousands of possibilities but only end of with on reality (paraphrased) |
|
|
Term
Werker and Tees
Language accquisition sensitivity period |
|
Definition
4 day old infants already began to show preferences for the rhythm of sounds within their own language.
english babies could initially distinguish between Hindi phonemes, but by 10-12 months cannot distibguish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deaf children who learn sign language in late childhood do not learn as well as children who learn it as a second language or learn it earleir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| words that are specific to a language that people who speak another language have a hard time pronouncing. |
|
|
Term
Kim, Relkin and Lee
bilinguals and their brains |
|
Definition
| for those who learned second language later in life, a seperate part of the brain is activated when they speak one language, and another part for the other. For those who learned early in life showed activation in same part regardless of language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lived in isolation for beginning of life and is not able to develop mature grammar or syntax |
|
|
Term
Yasuko and Minoura
looked for culture acquisition in Japanese immigarnts to America (children) |
|
Definition
| Children who moved to America before age nine became very "Americanized" whereas children who moved between 9 and 15 showed both american and japanese tendencies and perceptions. Tjose who moved past age 15 were never able to fully embrace american culture. |
|
|
Term
Ji studies
cultural differences in expectations for the future. |
|
Definition
With age, people from different cultures diverge in the pyschological experiences.
Children, ages 7, 9, and 11, (Chinese and Canadian). Chinese showed more tendency to expect a reversal of trends than Canadian children with the gap growing larger starting at age 9. |
|
|
Term
| Cultural differences in sleeping arragements |
|
Definition
| IN majority of cultures, infants sleep in same room, if not same bed as mother. |
|
|
Term
Schweder et. al
sleeping arrangements in Chicago, IL and Orissa, India |
|
Definition
Americans: f and m
two daughters
three sons
(88% of time, Indians 47% of time)
Indians:
3d, m and f
14d and 8s
15s and 11 s
or
f and 8s
15s and 11s
3d, 14d and m
47% of time, Americans 0% of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
post-pubescent members of the family (of opposite sex) should not share a room.
(American and Indian) |
|
|
Term
| Protection od the vulnerable |
|
Definition
young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night
(Indian) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unmarried, post-pubescent girls should always have a chaperone to protect them form engaging in sexual activity that would be shameful
(indian) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
post-pubescent boys have higher status and should not have to share a room with younger siblings and parents
(indian) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy
(american) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
young children should learn to be self reliant and be ableto take care of themselves
(american) |
|
|
Term
Agiobu-Kemmer
scottish and nigerian children |
|
Definition
| Scottish children spend more time with physical objects than they do with people. This is opposite for Nigerian children |
|
|
Term
Wang study
Euor-Am and Chinese children interviewed for childhood memories |
|
Definition
| Americans children more likely to describe themselves with individualistic statements |
|
|
Term
Haight, Wnag, leichtman and Davies
parental role |
|
Definition
| North American parents are more likely to acknowledge childrens feelings in order to gain compliance. Chinese mothers are more likely to lead and children will follow |
|
|
Term
Miiller, Wiley, Fung and Liang
acknowledgement of success
|
|
Definition
| North American mothers are more likely to discuss children's successes and strengths, whereas Chinese mothers are more likely to call attention to mistakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infants and parents are biologically prepared to establish attachments with each other.
attachment style displayed between infant and mother can affect romantic relationships the child will have later on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants who occasionally seek their mother's presence when she is around and intensify their desire to be close to her afetr being left along in unfamiliar circumstances. They are curious and explore when mother is around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants show little distress when mother is absent and avoid her on her return. |
|
|
Term
| Anxious-ambivilant attachment |
|
Definition
| show frequent distress when mother is either present or absent. will sometimes want to be enar near her but will often resist and push away. |
|
|
Term
grossman (X2), Spangler, Suess and Unzner
German attachment |
|
Definition
| Most common style was avoidant and was seen as ideal since it cultivated early independence |
|
|
Term
Sagi, et al
attachment style amongst Israeli kibbutz |
|
Definition
| most common style: anxious-ambivilant due to communal day care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children's first words tend to be nouns |
|
|
Term
| Noun bias across cultures |
|
Definition
Chinese: more verbs than nouns
Korean:no noun bias
American" nouns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only really apparent in North American culture |
|
|
Term
Schlegel and Barry
ethnographic study on adolescent experience in 175 countries |
|
Definition
Only 44% expected anti-social behavior
definitely a western idea |
|
|
Term
Trommsdorff
adolescents and their difficulties |
|
Definition
Germany, Scotland, Bali, Japan and Batak.
INdividualism and modernity influence the diffculties of adolescents.
Also increases tension between parents and offspring |
|
|
Term
H.H. Goddard
Immigrant screening |
|
Definition
tested for "inferior minds"
Majority were classified as "morons" |
|
|
Term
Stevenson
Children in Peru |
|
Definition
parents of children who attended school generally had recieved more education themselves and were more likely to be literate and more likely to own cogitive stimulating thinsg like books and toys.
schooling led to improved contextual memory, psatial memory, serial memory and visual and sequential analysis. led children to process info quicker |
|
|
Term
Stevenson and Stigler
compared students who grew up in East Asia and those who grew up in US math performance |
|
Definition
| East Asian school performed much better. |
|
|
Term
Stevenson and Stigler
parental role in education |
|
Definition
| American mothers more likely to invest in childrens education, as do Japanese parents, though Jap. parents do not begin investing until kindergarten |
|
|
Term
Stevenson
wizard grants wish |
|
Definition
70% of chinese childrens wishes involved education
Not so with Americans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those that have direct and immediate relations with their effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those initial differences lead to effects over long periods of time, and often through indirect relations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all people have certain biologically encoded behaviorsal repertiores that are potentially accessible to them and they are engaged when appropriate situational contexts are present.
ex. importance of physical attractiveness in choosing a mate
|
|
|
Term
Gangestad, Haselton and Buss
parasite influence on mate attractivness |
|
Definition
| The more parasites that are prevalent in a culture, the more important it is to choose an attractive mate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People come to elarn about particular cultural practices through social learning or by modeling others who live near them. |
|
|
Term
Robert Edgerton
ecological variation amongst African tribes |
|
Definition
Sebei, pokot, Kamba and Hehe.
Each tribe had members who lived in various ecological communities. Members tended to act more similarly to their own tribe members, rather than similar to members of a similar ecological area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolutionary process that occurs when:
a. there is individual variability among members of a species on a certain traits
b. those traits are associated with different survival rates
c. those traits have a heredity basis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the fecundity of the sexiest :)
those individuals that are best able to attract a mate will be the most likely to have surviving offspring |
|
|
Term
Ideas as replicators
longevity |
|
Definition
| replicatators should be relatively stable and long-lasting entities and shouldn't dissolve or fall apart readily, otehrwise their their is nothing to replicate |
|
|
Term
Ideas as replicators
fideltiy
|
|
Definition
| replicators should be able to replicate as accurately as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smallest units of cultural information that can be faithfully transmitted.
Ex: tunes, catch-phrases, theories, manners, etc
instructions for particular ways of behaving or speaking.
do not have to be adaptive (many memes are maladaptive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural transmission does not appear to have a very high fidelity |
|
|
Term
Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman
power of cultural evolution |
|
Definition
| ideas can spread even if as many as 50% of those who follow the dieas lose their lives from doing so. |
|
|
Term
Epidemiology of Ideas
Dan Sperber |
|
Definition
considers the distribution of ideas in a particular population and explores the features of ideas that faciliate or inhibit the likelihood than an idea will be passed on.
ideas do not spread directly, rather :
1. an inventor has an idea.
2. another individual learns the diea form the first person and creates their own mental representation
The gist of the idea is transmitted, but not the FULL idea itself |
|
|
Term
Schaller, Conway and Tanchuk
stereotypes |
|
Definition
stereotypes vary vastly across time.
negative stereotypes tend to be motivated by particular instances and circumstances such as conflict over resources
ex) stereotype against irish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process bu which people mitgrate to and learn culture that is different from their original (or heritage) culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who intend to stay temporarily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the feeling of being anxious, helpless, irritable and, in general, homesick that one experiences on moving to a new culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life.
TOEFL: east asians have harder time learning english becasue the languages are so different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which an individual's personality is more similiar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture. |
|
|
Term
| Need for cognitive closure |
|
Definition
| desire to have a definite answer to a question. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendecy for bicultural people to evince psychological tendencies in between those of their two cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for bicultural people to switch between cultural selves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fear that one might do something that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one's group. |
|
|
Term
| Dynamic social impact theory |
|
Definition
individuals come to influence each other, and they do so primarily in terms of how oftem the individuals interact.
interactions lead to consolidation and clustering of like-minded people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fictional stories that that are told in modern societies as though they are are true. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the feeling of how satisfied one if with their life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is caused by the involuntary saccadic movements of our eyes which, in the dark, create the illusion of movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other people's behaviors. |
|
|
Term
Schaller et al
steroetype communicability |
|
Definition
Stereptypes are influenced by ideas that people can easily communicate.
Participants asked what OTHER people think about ethnicities. For major ethnic groups, people used terms for the stereotypes that were easy to communicate. For less common ethnic groups communicability had mno role since people didn't talk about them. |
|
|
Term
Heath et al
disgusting rat study |
|
Definition
| rumors and legends are more likely to spread when they evoke a shared emotional response amongst people. The stronger the emotion, the stronger the connection. The more emotion that is elicited, the more likely they are to pass the story on, particulary if they find it to be plausible. |
|
|
Term
Atran and Norenzayan
Minimally counterintuitive ideas |
|
Definition
| gave PS sets of statements that varied in intuitiveness. some were intuitive, some minimally counterintuitive, some max. counterintuitive. Imm. after learning, participants were better able to rememebr the intuitive statements. A week later, they were better able to recall the the intuitive statements but also contained a few minimally counterintuitive ideas. (they were more memorable) |
|
|
Term
Norenzayan, Atran, Faulkner and Schaller
counterintuitive folk stories |
|
Definition
| based popularity on google hits. Most successful stories had two-three counterintuitive statements. |
|
|
Term
| Bowling Alone by Robert Putnam |
|
Definition
Americans today are less liekly to participate in formal groups than they did in the past.
Ex) bowling used to be the most popular sport
Culprits? Electronic technology, the stress of a two-income household, and suburbanization |
|
|
Term
Hamamura
Individualism in Japan |
|
Definition
| Individualism has been increasing in Japan at the same rate as it is increasing in the US, but they are still far more collectivistic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IQ has been increasing over the past few decades among several countries. (Though SAT scores are going down).
Reasons?
Better nutrition, hence better brain growth.
The world is becoming more complex and people need more info to navigate successfully
Education is necessary for a good job |
|
|
Term
Johnson
Pop culture increases IQ |
|
Definition
| Pop culture is becoming incresingly more complex and challenging.TV programs typically have intense, complex plots. Video games are more complex. |
|
|
Term
Rice and Steele
subjective well-being |
|
Definition
| there is a strong corr. between american ethnic groups SWB scores and the SWB scores of there respetive origin countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japanese baseball involves more plays in which players make sacrifices for the benefit of the team. Team members work together to save other members from losing face. |
|
|
Term
Jacobs and Campbell
autokinetic effect |
|
Definition
people were tested in a group with mostly confederates and asked how far a light moved. The confederates over estimations influenced the bling participants ideas. Gradually, as the study progress, the confederates were replaced with blind participants and it took about 11 generations for the estimation to reflect the actual movement od the light.
Moral of the story?
Cultural ideas carry. |
|
|
Term
Hannah Arendt
pluralism and Nazism |
|
Definition
| cooperation with Nazis probably came form mass conformity rather than evil motives. |
|
|
Term
Lysgaard Study
adjustment phases of Norwegian Fulbright scholars to the US |
|
Definition
Showed a U shaped curve of enjoyment.
|
|
|
Term
Hsaio-Ying
acculturation curve of immigrants to Japan |
|
Definition
| tracked immigrants to Japan and found a sad L shaped curve rather than a U shaped curve, implying that it either takes much longer for immigrants to adjust to japanese culture or that they simply DON'T adjust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
keeps the tourism business going.
for the first few months, many immigrants have a positive experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between 6-8 months immigrants have the most negative perceptions and experiences. They become homesick and lose the thrill of being in an exotic land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins when people start to feel more proficient in their culture. extends over a numebr of years. |
|
|
Term
Ward and Kennedy
malaysian students in Singapore and New Zealand |
|
Definition
After 3 years in their countries, malaysians in singapore reported feeling more at ease and fewer difficulties than those who were in New Zealand.
this is becasue singapore's culture is more similar to Malaysian culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which an individual's personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values of the host culture. |
|
|
Term
Searle and Ward
Extraversion in acculturation |
|
Definition
| Malaysians and Singaporeans who scored high in extraversion acculturated better to New Zealand culture. Meanwhile, emglish speakers who scored high in extraversion who lived in Singapore felt more lonely, bored, depressed, etc. |
|
|
Term
Cross study
corr. study of cultural acculturation and emasures of independence vs. interdependence |
|
Definition
the more interdependent east asians were, the more stress they felt. no corr. in americans between ind. or interdep. and stress and coping.
aka, independence is not always associated with direct coping. |
|
|
Term
John Berryman
issues of acculturation |
|
Definition
1. wheterh people attempt to participate in the larger society of their host culture
2. whetehr people strive to maintain their own heritage and cultural identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attempts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while also striving to maintain the traditions of their own culture
best strategy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people have negative views towards both their heritage AND their host cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempt to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while making little to no effort to maintain traditions of heritage culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| efforts to maintain the traditions of heritage country while making little or no effort to participate in their host culture. |
|
|
Term
Kosic et al
Croation immigrants to Italy. NCC |
|
Definition
for PS who scored low in NCC, their early interactions did not affect their adaptation to Italian life.
for PS who scored high in NCC, their early interactions greatly affected their adaptation strategies. those who socialized with italians initially adapted well to Italian life. those who socialized more with croations had a harder time adjusting. |
|
|
Term
Goel, McCarthy, Phillips and Wee
obesity rates of immigrants |
|
Definition
those in US less than year: 8% obese
those in US 15 years : 19%
|
|
|
Term
Marmot and Syme
obesity amongst Japanese in US |
|
Definition
| japanese to emmigrate to US are more likely to have coronary heart disease (evident among those to acculturated to American lifestyle) |
|
|
Term
Zhou and Bankston
adaptation to New orleans culture amongst Vietnamese |
|
Definition
| the more upwardly mobile they are, the better they achieve in school and the LESS integrated they are. |
|
|
Term
Suarez-Orozco
latino immigrants and adaptation |
|
Definition
| the more Latino immigrants acculturated to the mainstream culture, the less seriously they took their studies and the worse they performed in school. |
|
|
Term
Heine and Lehman
self esteem scores
|
|
Definition
| Japanese self esteem scores where higher after they had been in Canada for 7 months, whereas Canadian english teachers who moved to japan had a decrease in self esteem. |
|
|
Term
Heine and Lehman
more self esteem |
|
Definition
| it took three generations of Asian immigarnts before reported self esteem scores were equal to American citizens. |
|
|
Term
bargh, Chen and Burrows
students exposed to themed words |
|
Definition
| students exposed to elderly themed words walked slower after the study |
|
|
Term
Hong et al
westernized Chinese students in Hong Kong |
|
Definition
| students primed with american cues used internalized attributes for fish, whereas students eposed to chinese cues provided group reference explanations. |
|
|
Term
Ross, Xun and Wilson
chinese immigrants to Canada and questionaries
language activates cultural frame |
|
Definition
| Half of PS where asked to fill out survey in Chinese and half were asked to fill out in English. Those who filled out survey in Chinese listed equal positive and negative statements. those who filled it out in English listed 3X more positive statements than negative ones. |
|
|
Term
Gardner, Gabriel and Dean
bicultural and monocultural PS were primed with eiother independent or interdependent cues
(singular vs plural pronouns) |
|
Definition
| those primed with ind. cues rated individualistic values as more important and collectivistic values as less important. There were significant effects across conditions, however, biculturals (asian americans in this case) showed stronger evidence for frame shifting |
|
|
Term
Claude and Steele
African Americans and drop out rates |
|
Definition
| on average, African Americans drop out at higher rates at all levels of schooling. |
|
|
Term
Steele and Aronson
Stanford students taking GRE w/ and w/out race identification |
|
Definition
in condition where students must identify their race, african americans eprformed significantly worse than they did in the no race condition. (stereotype threat)
similar findings about female performance on math tests. |
|
|
Term
Qi Wang studiy 1
college students earliest memories, American and Chinese |
|
Definition
American: higher memory volume and specificity, earlier age, higher autonomous orientation
Chinese: higher self-other orientation |
|
|
Term
Qi Wang study 2
american and chinese mothers with their 3 yr olds. |
|
Definition
American mother: more narrative volume, mroe elaborations on narratives, more autonomous talk
Chinese mother: more diactic talk
earliest memories are influenced by child-mother interactions |
|
|
Term
Fernald and Marikawa
maternal speech, AMerican and Japanese mothers |
|
Definition
american mothers were more likely to label toys with nouns.
Japanese mothers more likely to engage child with the toy via social routines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ex) Asian language
can say just the verb if the pronoun is obvious |
|
|
Term
Tardif
utterance coding of toddlers |
|
Definition
Enlish toddlers: more nouns
Italien toddlers: more nouns
Mandarin toddler: more verbs |
|
|
Term
Hall and colleagues
naturalistic observations of routine medical visits |
|
Definition
observed male and female physicians
female physicians displayed more verbal and nonverbal communication despite gener od patient. (though gender differences are larger when women are talking to women) |
|
|
Term
Kashima et al
three dimensions of slef
relational selves
collective selves
individualistic selves |
|
Definition
Women rated higher in relational selves.
Asutralians & US rated higher in agency
Japan and korea arted high in collectivism
Western cultures rated high in assertiveness |
|
|
Term
Cozzarelli et al
beliefs in protestant work ethic and attributions to poverty |
|
Definition
the more you believe in PWE, the more likely you are to blaim people in poverty
no corr. between PWE and extrenal attribution. |
|
|
Term
Kusserow's ethnography
comparison of worling class and upper class preschools and interviews b/w parents and preschool teachers |
|
Definition
working class: slef-reliance, toughness and self-defense are valued. loud and strict discipline. goal to protect and toughen children
upper-middle class: self-confidence, autnonomy and uniqueness emphasized. disciplin through suggestion and explanation. goal to cultivate and actualize child's unique potentials.
soft vs. hard individualism |
|
|
Term
| differnces between biological and cultural evolution |
|
Definition
fidelity is not as important and less accurate in cultural evolution
memes have higher potential for faster duplication (fecundity)
sources of change are diferent (bio-random nutations, culture-innovations)
|
|
|
Term
| Ecologies and their influence on sex roles |
|
Definition
truk: deep sea lagoons, more hazardous geographically. Truk men more masculine.
Tahiti: shallow laggons, safer geographically, androgenous male roles |
|
|
Term
| Dan Gilmore's "Theory of Manhood" |
|
Definition
| culture with a harsh environment and scarce resoucres tend to stress the masculinity |
|
|
Term
Prentice and Miller
college students attitudes towards alcohol
princeton graduates |
|
Definition
rated own comfort level with alcohol and perceived comfort level for other students.
self rating was much lower than percieved rating for average students
cultural pluralism |
|
|
Term
Babiker et al
corr. study of international students at Edinburgh university
measure of adjustment and climate distance index score |
|
Definition
sig. corr. b/w anxiety / # of medical aapointments with CDI score
higher cultural distance score, more anxiety and medical visits. |
|
|
Term
| Existentialist theory of race |
|
Definition
view that race reflects deep-seated, inalterable essence and is indicative of traits and abilities
leads immmigarnts to NT identify witrh american culture |
|
|
Term
| scoial constructionist theory of race |
|
Definition
view that race is socially constructed, malleable and arbitrary.
leads immigrants to identify with american culture |
|
|
Term
No et al
asian american students, manipulation of lay theory of race |
|
Definition
| those who believed SCT identified with american culture more than those who hold ET |
|
|
Term
Ryder et al
chinese canadians undergrads
acculturation strategies and depression |
|
Definition
| the betetr your attitudes towards mainstream culture felt less depression and vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| society tries to estimate the immigrant group into their own group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the society is open to cultural diversity and accepts the right of all groups to live as culturally different people. |
|
|
Term
Plaut et al
corr b/w white's attitudes and pimoritites psychological engagement |
|
Definition
| the more the whites are colorbling, the less psychological engagement. the more white multiculturalism, the more minority pyschological engagment. |
|
|
Term
| Compatitble bcultural identity |
|
Definition
| biculturals who integrate the mainstream and ethnic cultures in everyday lives switch their behavior depending on the cultural context |
|
|
Term
| Oppositional bicultural identity |
|
Definition
| biculturals who percieve two cultural identities to be distinct and oppositionalo and report that it is hard to be both at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased movement of people, knowledge, ideas, goods and money across nations that has lead to increased interconnectedness among the world's populations: economically, politically, socially and culturally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which spciety goes through industrialization and other social changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
convergence toward a common set of cultural traits and practices
often viewed as "westernization" |
|
|
Term
Ma and Schoenman
americans and kenyans
compared pastoral nomands, employees in hotels, university, etc, kenyan college students, and american college students
20 statement task |
|
Definition
| kenyan students slightly less likely to make psychological attributions than american students. employees were more likely to list social roles and pastoral nomads were most liekly to list socail roles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beliefs about the material world, particulary about the economy.
modernizationchanges material beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beliefs aboutthe purpose and meaning of life and relationships with otehrs.
relatively resistant to the influence of globalization. |
|
|
Term
Inglehart and Baker
long, study across 65 nations |
|
Definition
economic development shifts cultures towards secular attitude and self expression
both cultures endured affects of subsequent development
industrializing societies are NOT becoming liek the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
globalization + localization
adaptation of global norms or practices to local tradition |
|
|
Term
Kjeldgaard and Askegaard
youth consumption motivation inDenmark and Greenland |
|
Definition
youth in denmark strive for uniqueness and exppression of a perceived indiv. authenticity is carried out through consumptions
youth in Greenland: similarity of consumptions patterns reinforces the belonging to the local community |
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Term
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Definition
| an expression of affective and attached relationships b/w people closely related to one another. It requires sharing of affection and attachment w/ memebrs through face to face interacction |
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Term
Kyongwon Yoon
ethnographies of cell ohone use in south korea |
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Definition
students use cells to reinforce and build up relationships based in face to face interaction. (otherwise it is "fake")
parents use themto extend parenting beyond the home and express family belonging and attachment |
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